Editing Elective monarchy (section)

==Current elective monarchies==
Currently, the world's only true elective monarchies are:

===Cambodia=== 
Article 13 of the [[Cambodia|Cambodian]] Constitution stipulates that the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarch]] is chosen for a life term by the 9-member [[Royal Council of the Throne]], the composition of which includes the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, the two Patriarchs of the country’s two main Buddhist Sangha Nikayas, the 1st and 2nd Deputy Presidents of the Senate and the 1st and 2nd Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly. Article 14 of the Constitution further states that the royal candidate for the throne must be at least 30 years old and a descendant of the late King [[Ang Duong]], King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom]] or King [[Sisowath of Cambodia|Sisowath]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Secretariat of the Constitution Council |date=July 2015 |title=Faolex Fao |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/cam117198.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2023 |website=FAO}}</ref>

===Holy See=== 
In the [[Holy See]] and the associated [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]], the [[Pope]] is elected in a [[Papal conclave|conclave]] by the [[College of Cardinals]], generally from among their number.

===Malaysia===
{{see also|Succession to the Malaysian thrones|Adat Perpatih||Yamtuan Besar}} 
The ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]'' (King) of [[Malaysia]] is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers from the [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Malay States]] form a [[Conference of Rulers]] to determine the next king via secret ballot. The position has to date been ''de facto'' rotated amongst the state rulers, originally based on seniority. The ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]'' shall not be re-elected unless the rotation succession was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules for royal succession - The Malaysian Bar |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/legal-news/rules-for-royal-succession |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.malaysianbar.org.my}}</ref>

*Additionally, the Malaysian state of [[Negeri Sembilan]] is itself an elective monarchy, where the [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan|''Yang di-Pertuan Besar'' of Negeri Sembilan]] is selected by a council of [[Undang|ruling chiefs]]. The ruling chiefs themselves are elected by the chieftain. Male candidates are determined based on [[matrilineal]] clan due to the influence of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] culture. The system was partially the basis for the federal monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yang di–Pertuan Agong: Monarchy Within Democracy - The Malaysian Bar |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/yang-di-pertuan-agong-monarchy-within-democracy |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.malaysianbar.org.my}}</ref>
*The [[Sultan of Perak]] is selected from amongst the most senior male princes descending from the 18th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Ahmadin. The Sultan, ''Raja Muda'' (Crown Prince), and ''Raja Di-Hilir'' (Deputy Crown Prince) are selected by the Dewan Negara of Perak. A son of the reigning Sultan cannot become ''Raja Muda'' if there is a more senior prince descended from the previous Sultan; this is possible should the senior prince relinquish his right to become ''Raja Muda''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules for royal succession - The Malaysian Bar |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/legal-news/rules-for-royal-succession |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.malaysianbar.org.my}}</ref>

===United Arab Emirates=== 
The [[President of the United Arab Emirates|president]] is elected by the [[Federal Supreme Council]] with a term of five years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395302800701|title=Khalifa bin Zayed re-elected President of UAE|date=11 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205132514/https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395302800701|url-status=live}}</ref> Since its formation, the position has been a ''de facto'' hereditary position to the Al Nahyan sheikhs of [[Abu Dhabi]] by consensus of the Federal Supreme Council. Likewise, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE is a position held by the Al Maktoum sheikhs of [[Dubai]]. Elections are held every 5 years. The position of the ruler of each emirate of the [[United Arab Emirates]] is determined by consensus of the respective ruling royal family of that emirate.<ref>{{cite book |date=29 April 2014 |title=UAE: How to Invest, Start and Run Profitable Business in the UAE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JldwAwAAQBAJ&q=uae+elective+monarchy&pg=PA10 |location=Washington DC |publisher=International Business Publications |page=41 |isbn=9781433084829 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515032802/https://books.google.com/books?id=JldwAwAAQBAJ&q=uae+elective+monarchy&pg=PA10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Countries and Territories of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=uae+elective+monarchy&pg=PA456 |page=456 |access-date=2020-11-26 |archive-date=2022-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515032802/https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=uae+elective+monarchy&pg=PA456 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Similar forms===
* [[Andorra]] can be considered a semi-elective [[principality]]. Andorra's two heads of state are [[Spain]]'s [[Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell]] and the [[Count of Foix]]. The title of Count was merged with the French crown in 1609, meaning that all French kings from then on became Co-Prince. France relinquished control upon the formation of the [[French First Republic|First Republic]], briefly leaving Andorra under a clerical monarchy, but [[Napoleon]] reclaimed the seat. Since [[Napoleon III]]'s deposition and the formation of the [[French Third Republic]], the French co-prince of Andorra has been the (now democratically elected) [[President of France]], as they are considered the unofficial successor of the Counts of Foix. The Andorran authorities and people have no say in the election of the President of France, leaving Andorra in the unique position of having a monarch who is democratically elected by the citizenry of another state.
* [[Eswatini]] has a form of quasi-elective monarchy. No king can appoint his successor. Instead, the royal family decides which of his wives shall be "[[Great Wife]]" and "[[Indlovukazi]]" (She-Elephant / Queen Mother). The son of this "Great Wife" will automatically become the next king. The eldest son is never appointed successor, as he has other ceremonial roles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* [[Nigeria]] has a system in which [[Nigerian traditional rulers]] (or "royal fathers", e.g. the [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]s, [[Eze]]s and [[Emir]]s) are usually elected by councils of [[kingmaker]]s from almost endless pools of contending cousins who are eligible for the elections because they all claim descent from founding monarchs or other royals. Each title is therefore held for life by one of these dynastic cousins in turn, often through rotation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* The [[cacique]] of the [[Ngöbe people]] of [[Costa Rica]] and [[Panama]] is appointed for life by a council of 13 elders. The latest election was in 2013 after the death of the previous cacique at around 100 years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Elección de un cacique en tiempos modernos|url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Dnew/noticiaDetalle/40815|agency=Diario Extra|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328072347/http://www.diarioextra.com/Dnew/noticiaDetalle/40815|url-status=live}}</ref> The current cacique is Costa Rican-born Pedro Palacios, son of the previous cacique Pedro Bejarano.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brus malis se viste de fiesta tras elección de nuevo líder indígena|url=http://actualidadcr.com/index.php/nacionales/739-brus-malis-se-viste-de-fiesta-tras-eleccion-de-nuevo-lider-indigena|agency=Actualidad CR|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145442/http://actualidadcr.com/index.php/nacionales/739-brus-malis-se-viste-de-fiesta-tras-eleccion-de-nuevo-lider-indigena|url-status=live}}</ref>
*While [[Samoa]] has been a [[parliamentary republic]] since independence in 1962, it was commonly mistaken for an elective monarchy for most of its existence. The [[Constitution of Samoa]] provides that the Head of State be elected for a five-year term by the ''[[Fono]]'', the Samoan parliament. Articles 18 and 45 of the Constitution provide, respectively, that any Member of Parliament may be elected head of state, and that any Samoan citizen may be elected to Parliament, although 47 out of the 49 seats in the ''Fono'' are reserved for ''[[Fa'amatai|matai]]'', or chiefs (the other two are reserved for non-Samoans).<ref name="paclii"/> However, most of the confusion stemmed from a special clause which named [[Malietoa Tanumafili II]] and [[Tupua Tamasese Mea{{okina}}ole]], who were two of the four paramount chiefs (''Tama-a-Aiga''), as joint [[President for life|presidents for life]], only reverting to the normal rule of electing the head of state for five years upon Malietoa's death in 2007. In addition, the Samoan head of state is referred to as "[[His Highness]]",<ref name="head-of-state-samoa"/> and an unwritten constitutional convention dictates that the President be elected from among the four paramount chiefs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* [[Saudi Arabia]]'s throne, while hereditary, is not determined by a succession law but rather by consensus of the [[House of Saud]] as to who will be [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Crown Prince]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]; consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions or influence, creating strong incentive for the Crown Prince to assert his power. Since 2007, the process of establishing the consensus of the House has been institutionalized in the form of the [[Allegiance Council]], comprising the most powerful senior princes, which has the power to disapprove the King's nominee for Crown Prince and substitute its own by simple majority vote.<ref name="allegiance">{{cite web|title=The Allegiance Institution Law|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/transcript/Page4.aspx|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC|date=20 October 2006|access-date=2 May 2011|archive-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105143201/http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/transcript/Page4.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In effect, this makes the Saudi monarchy elective within the House of Saud, as the king's eldest son has not become Crown Prince since the death of King [[Ibn Saud|Abdulaziz]] in 1953. However, it was only in 2015, through the accession of [[Muhammad bin Nayef]], that a member of the house who was not a son of Abdulaziz attained the position (all prior Crown Princes had been chosen from among Abdulaziz's sons). Upon Prince Muhammad's removal, Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman|Muhammad bin Salman]] became the first Crown Prince since [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]] to hold the position during the reign of his father. {{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* The [[Māori King Movement]] in [[New Zealand]] chooses a Maori monarch, elected by the [[Kaumātua]] of various New Zealand [[iwi]] (tribes). However, every Maori monarch to date has been succeeded by their child, making the position hereditary in effect.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* [[Wallis and Futuna]] (territories of the [[France|French Republic]]) have traditional heads of the three regions who are elected.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}