Editing Isan language (section)

==Vocabulary==
Isan shares a large corpus of cognate, native vocabulary with other Tai languages of Thailand and Laos. They also share many common words and neologisms that were derived from Sanskrit, Pali, Mon and Khmer and other indigenous inhabitants to [[Indochina]]. However, there are traits that distinguish Isan both from Thai and its Lao parent language.

Isan is clearly differentiated from Thai by its Lao intonation and vocabulary. However, Isan differs from Lao in that the former has more English and Chinese loanwords, via Thai, not to mention large amounts of Thai influence. The Lao adopted French and Vietnamese loanwords as a legacy of French Indochina. Other differences between Isan and Lao include terminology that reflects the social and political separation since 1893 as well as differences in neologisms created after this. These differences, and a few very small deviations for certain common words, do not, however, diminish nor erase the Lao character of the language.
{| class="wikitable" 
|+Shared vocabulary of Khmer origin
! colspan="5" | Common vocabulary
! colspan="5" | [[Rachasap]] 
|-
! Isan
! Thai
! Lao
! Khmer
! English
! Isan
! Thai
! Lao
! Khmer
! English
|-
| กระแทะ<br />''krathae''<br />{{IPA|[kā.tɛ̀ʔ]}}
| กระแทะ<br />''krathae''<br />{{IPA|[krā.tɛ́ʔ]}}
| ກະແທະ<br />''kathè''<br />{{IPA|[kā.tɛ̄ʔ]}}
| រទេះ<br />''rôthéh''<br />{{IPA|/rɔteh/}}
| 'oxcart'
| บรรทม<br />''banthom''<br />{{IPA|[bàn.tʰôm]}}
| บรรทม<br />''banthom''<br />{{IPA|[bān.tʰōm]}}
| ບັນທົມ<br />''banthôm''<br />{{IPA|[bàn.tʰóm]}}
| បន្ទំ<br />''banthum''<br />{{IPA|/bɑn tum/}}
| 'to sleep'
|-
| เดิน<br />''doen''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̀ːn]}}
| เดิน<br />''doen''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̄ːn]}}
| ເດີນ<br />''deun''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̀ːn]}}
| ដើរ<br />''daeu''<br />{{IPA|/daə/}} 
| 'to walk'
| ตรัส<br />''trat''<br />{{IPA|[tǎt]}}
| ตรัส<br />''trat''<br />{{IPA|[tràt]}}
| ຕັດ<br />''tat''<br />{{IPA|[tát]}}
| ត្រាស់<br />''trah''<br />{{IPA|/trah/}}
| 'to speak'
|-
| พนม<br />''phanom''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nôm]}}
| พนม<br />''phanom''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nōm]}}
| ພະນົມ/ພນົມ<br />''phanôm''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nóm]}}
| ភ្នំ<br />''phnum''/''phnom''<br />{{IPA|/pʰnum/}}
| 'mountain'
| ขนอง<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̌ːŋ]}}
| ขนอง<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̌ːŋ]}}
| ຂະໜອງ/ຂນອງ<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̆ːŋ]}}
| ខ្នង<br />''khnâng''<br />{{IPA|/knɑːŋ/}}
| 'back', 'dorsal ridge'
|-
| ถนน<br />''thanon''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}}
| ถนน<br />''thanon''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}}
| ຖະໜົນ/ຖໜົນ<br />''thanôn''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}}
| ថ្នល់<br />''tnâl''<br />{{IPA|/tnɑl/}}
| 'road'
| ศอ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}}
| ศอ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}}
| ສໍ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}}
| សូ[រង]<br />''sŭ[rang]''<br />{{IPA|/suː [rɑːng]/}}
| 'neck'
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-----bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|+Shared Thai and Isan vocabulary distinct from Lao
||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai'''||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai'''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"ice"
||<big>น้ำแข็ง</big> {{IPA|[nȁm.kʰɛ̌ŋ]}}
||<big>ນ້ຳກ້ອນ</big> {{IPA|[nâm.kɔ̂ːn]}}{{ref|5|5}}
||<big>น้ำแข็ง</big> {{IPA|[nám.kʰɛ̌ŋ]}}
||"plain" (adj.)
||<big>เปล่า</big> {{IPA|[páw]}}
||<big>ລ້າ</big> {{IPA|[lâː]}}
||<big>เปล่า</big> {{IPA|[plàːw]}}
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"necktie"
||<big>เนกไท</big> {{IPA|[nè(ː)k tʰáj]}}
||<big>ກາຣະວັດ</big> {{IPA|[kàː.lā.wát]}}{{ref|6|6}}
||<big>เนกไท</big> {{IPA|[né(ː)k tʰáj]}}
||"province"
||<big>จังหวัด</big> {{IPA|[tɕàŋ.wȁt]}}
||<big>ແຂວງ</big> {{IPA|[kʰwɛ̌ːŋ]}}{{ref|7|7}}
||<big>จังหวัด</big> {{IPA|[tɕāŋ.wàt]}}
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"wine"
||<big>ไวน์</big> {{IPA|[wâːj]}}
||<big>ແວງ</big> {{IPA|[wɛ́ːŋ]}}{{ref|8|8}}
||<big>ไวน์</big> {{IPA|[wāːj]}}
||"pho"
||<big>ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</big> {{IPA|[kǔaj.tǐaw]}}
||<big>ເຝີ</big> {{IPA|[fɤ̌ː]}}{{ref|9|9}}
||<big>ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</big> {{IPA|[kǔaj.tǐaw]}}
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"January"
||<big>มกราคม</big> {{IPA|[mòk.kā.lâː.kʰôm]}}
||<big>ມັງກອນ</big> {{IPA|[máŋ.kɔ̀ːn]}}
||<big>มกราคม</big> {{IPA|[mók.kā.rāː.kʰōm]}}
||"paper"
||<big>กระดาษ</big> {{IPA|[kā.dàːt]}}
||<big>ເຈ້ຍ</big> {{IPA|[tɕîa]}}
||<big>กระดาษ</big> {{IPA|[krā.dàːt]}}
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"window"
||<big>หน้าต่าง</big> {{IPA|[nàː.táːŋ]}}
||<big>ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມ</big> {{IPA|[pɔ̄ŋ.jîam]}}
||<big>หน้าต่าง</big> {{IPA|[nâː.tàːŋ]}}
||"book"
||<big>หนังสือ</big> {{IPA|[nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː]}}
||<big>ປຶ້ມ</big> {{IPA|[pɯ̂m]}}
||<big>หนังสือ</big> {{IPA|[nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː]}}
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"motorcycle"
||<big>มอเตอร์ไซค์</big> {{IPA|[mɔ̂ː.tɤ̄ː.sâj]}}
||<big>ຣົຖຈັກ</big> {{IPA|[lōt.tɕák]}}
||<big>มอเตอร์ไซค์</big> {{IPA|[mɔ̄ː.tɤ̄ː.sāj]}}{{ref|10|10}}
||"butter"
||<big>เนย</big> {{IPA|[nɤ̂ːj]}}
||<big>ເບີຣ໌</big> {{IPA|[bɤ̀ː]}}{{ref|11|11}}
||<big>เนย</big> {{IPA|[nɤ̄ːj]}} 
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|}
{{smalldiv|1=
*{{note|5|5}} Formerly <big>น้ำก้อน</big>, but this is now archaic/obsolete.
*{{note|6|6}} From French ''cravate'', /kʁa vat/
*{{note|7|7}} Thai and Isan use <big>แขวง</big> to talk about provinces of Laos.
*{{note|8|8}} From French ''vin'', /vɛ̃/ as opposed to Thai and Isan <big>ไวน์</big> from English ''wine''.
*{{note|9|9}} From Vietnamese <big>phở</big> /fə̃ː/.
*{{note|10|10}} From English "motorcycle".
*{{note|11|11}} From French ''beurre'', /bøʁ/}}

A small handful of lexical items are unique to Isan and not commonly found in standard Lao, but may exist in other Lao dialects. Some of these words exist alongside more typically Lao or Thai usages.
{| class="wikitable"
|-----bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|+Generally distinct vocabulary
|-----bgcolor="#eeeeee"
||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai'''||'''Isan Variant'''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"to work"
||<big>เฮ็ดงาน</big> {{IPA|[hèt ŋâːn]}}, ''het ngan''
||<big>ເຮັດວຽກ</big> {{IPA|[hēt wîak]}}, ''het wiak''
||<big>ทำงาน</big> {{IPA|[tʰām ŋāːn]}}, ''tham ngan''
||-
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"papaya"
||<big>บักหุ่ง</big> {{IPA|[bǎk hūŋ]}}, ''bak hung''
||<big>ໝາກຫຸ່ງ</big> {{IPA|[mȁːk hūŋ]}}, ''mak hung''
||<big>มะละกอ</big> {{IPA|[máʔ.láʔ.kɔ̄ː]}}, ''malako''
||-
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"fried beef"
||<big>ทอดซี้น</big> {{IPA|[tʰɔ̂ːt sîːn]}}, ''thot sin''
||<big>ຂົ້ວຊີ້ນ</big> {{IPA|[kʰȕa sîːn]}}, ''khua sin''
||<big>เนื้อทอด</big> {{IPA|[nɯ́a tʰɔ̂ːt]}}, ''nuea thot''
||-
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"hundred"
||<big>ร้อย</big> {{IPA|[lɔ̂ːj]}}, ''roi''
||<big>ຮ້ອຍ</big> {{IPA|[hɔ̂ːj]}}, ''hoi''
||<big>ร้อย</big> {{IPA|[rɔ́ːj]}}, ''roi''
||-
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
||"barbecued pork"
||<big>หมูปิ้ง</big> {{IPA|[mǔː pîŋ]}}, ''mu ping''
||<big>ປີ້ງໝູ</big> {{IPA|[pîːŋ mǔː]}}, ''ping mu''
||<big>หมูย่าง</big> {{IPA|[mǔː jâːŋ]}}, ''mu yang''
||-
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|| 'ice cream'
|| <big>ไอติม</big> {{IPA|[ʔàj.tìm]}}, ''aitim''
|| <big>ກາແລ້ມ</big> {{IPA|[kàː.lɛ̂ːm]}}, ''kalèm''
|| <big>ไอศกรีม</big> {{IPA|[ʔāj.sā.krīːm]}}, ''aisakrim''
|| <big>ไอศกรีม</big> {{IPA|[ʔàj.sā.kìːm]}}, ''aisakrim''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|| 'to be well'
|| <big>ซำบาย</big> {{IPA|[sâm.bàːj]}}, ''sambai'' 
|| <big>ສະບາຍ</big>/Archaic <big>ສະບາຽ</big> {{IPA|[sā.bàːj]}}, ''sabai''
|| <big>สบาย</big> {{IPA|[sā.bāːj]}}, ''sabai'' 
|| <big>สบาย</big> {{IPA|[sā.bàːj]}}, ''sabai''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|| 'fruit'
|| <big>บัก</big> {{IPA|[bǎk]}}, ''bak''
|| <big>ໝາກ</big>/<big>ຫມາກ</big>, {{IPA|[mȁːk]}}, ''mak'' 
|| <big>ผล</big> {{IPA|[pʰŏn]}}, ''phon'' 
|| <big>หมาก</big> {{IPA|[màːk]}}, ''mak''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|| 'lunch'
|| <big>ข้าวสวย</big> {{IPA|[kʰà(ː)w sŭaj]}}, ''khao suai''
|| <big>ອາຫານທ່ຽງ</big> {{IPA|[ʔàː.hăːn tʰīaŋ]}}, ''ahane thiang''
|| <big>อาหารกลางวัน</big> {{IPA|[ʔāː.hăːn klāːŋ.wān]}}, ''ahan klangwan''
|| <big>ข้าวเที่ยง</big> {{IPA|[kʰà(ː)w tʰīaŋ]}}, ''khao thiang''
|----- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|| 'traditional animist ceremony'
|| <big>บายศรี</big> {{IPA|[bàːj sǐː]}}, ''bai si''
|| <big>ບາສີ</big> {{IPA|[bàː sĭː]}}, ''ba si''
|| <big>บวงสรวง</big> {{IPA|[būaŋ sǔaŋ]}}, ''buang suang''
|| <big>บายศรีสู่ขวัญ</big> {{IPA|[bàːj sǐː sūː kʰwǎn]}}, ''bai si su khwan''
|}