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Japanese grammar
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====Objects, locatives, instrumentals: {{lang|ja|を}} {{transliteration|ja|o}}, {{lang|ja|で}} {{transliteration|ja|de}}, {{lang|ja|に}} {{transliteration|ja|ni}}, {{lang|ja|へ}} {{transliteration|ja|e}}==== The direct object of transitive verbs is indicated by the object particle {{nihongo||を|o}}. {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |ジョンさん は 青い セーター を 着て いる。 |Jon-san wa aoi sētā o kite iru |John is wearing a blue sweater.}} This particle can also mean "through" or "along" or "out of" when used with motion verbs: {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |メアリ が 細い 道 を 歩いて いた。 |MEARI ga hosoi michi o aruite ita |Mary was walking along a narrow road.}} {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |国境 の 長い トンネル を 抜ける と 雪国 で あった。 |kokkyō no nagai TONNERU o nukeru to yukiguni de atta |(The train) came out of the long border tunnel into the snow country.}} The general instrumental particle is {{nihongo||で|de}}, which can be translated as "using" or "by": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |肉 は ナイフ で 切る こと。 |niku wa NAIFU de kiru koto |Meat must be cut with a knife.}} {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |電車 で 行きましょう。 |densha de ikimashō |Let's go by train.}} This particle also has other uses: "at" (temporary location): {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |町角 で 先生 に 会った。 |machikado de sensei ni atta |(I) met my teacher at the street corner.}} "In": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |海 で 泳ぐ の は 難しい。 |umi de oyogu no wa muzukashii |Swimming in the sea is hard.}} "With" or "in (the span of)": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |劇 は 主人公 の 死 で 終る。 |geki wa shujinkō no shi de owaru |The play ends with the protagonist's death.}} {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |俺 は 二秒 で 勝つ。 |ore wa nibyō de katsu |I'll win in two seconds.}} The general locative particle is {{nihongo||に|ni}}. {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |東京 に 行きましょう。 |Tōkyō ni ikimashō |Let's go to [[Tokyo]].}} In this function it is interchangeable with {{nihongo||へ|e}}. However, {{transliteration|ja|ni}} has additional uses: "at (prolonged)": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |私 は 大手町 一丁目 99 番地 に 住んで います。 |watashi wa Ōtemachi itchōme 99 banchi ni sunde imasu |I live at Ōtemachi ichōme 99 banchi.}} "On": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |氷 は 水 に 浮く。 |kōri wa mizu ni uku |Ice floats on water.}} "In (some year)", "at (some point in time)": {{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3 |春 の 夕暮れ に…… |haru no yūgure ni… |On a spring eve…}}
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