Editing Language (section)

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Crystal|first=David|author-link=David Crystal|year=1997|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cysouw|first1=Michael|last2=Good|first2=Jeff|year=2013|title=Languoid, doculect and glossonym: Formalizing the notion 'language'|journal=Language Documentation and Conservation|volume=7|pages=331–359|hdl=10125/4606|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4606}}
* Allison Parshall, "Pain Language: The sound of 'ow' transcends borders", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), pp.&nbsp;16–18.   "Many languages have an [[interjection]] word for expressing pain. [Katarzyna Pisanski ''et al.'', writing in the ''[[Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]'', have] found that pain interjections tend to contain the [[vowel]] sound 'ah' (written as [a] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]) and letter combinations that incorporate it, such as 'ow' and 'ai.' These patterns may point back to the origins of human language itself." (p.&nbsp;16.) "Researchers are continually discovering cases of [[artistic symbol|symbolism]], or sound [[iconicity]], in which a word's intrinsic nature has some connection to its meaning. These cases run counter to decades of [[linguistic theory]], which had regarded language as fundamentally arbitrary... [Many words [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeically]] imitate a sound. Also] there's the [[Bouba/kiki effect|'bouba-kiki' effect]], whereby people from varying cultures are more likely to associate the nonsense word 'bouba' with a rounded shape and 'kiki' with a spiked one.... [S]omehow we all have a ''feeling'' about this,' says Aleksandra Ćwiek... [She and her colleagues have] show[n] that people associate the [[Trill consonant|trilled]] 'R' sound with roughness and the 'L' sound with smoothness. [[Mark Dingemanse]]... in 2013 found [that] the conversational 'Huh?' and similar words in other languages may be universal." (p.&nbsp;18.)
* [[Gary Stix|Stix, Gary]], "Thinking without Words: Cognition doesn't require language, it turns out" (interview with [[Evelina Fedorenko]], a [[cognitive neuroscientist]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]), ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 332, no. 3 (March 2025), pp.&nbsp;86–88. "[I]n the tradition of [[linguist]] [[Noam Chomsky]]... we use language for [[thinking]]: to think is why language evolved in our species. [However, evidence that thought and language are separate systems is found, for example, by] looking at deficits in different abilities – for instance, in people with brain damage... who have impairments in language – some form of [[aphasia]] [ – yet are clearly able to think]." (p.&nbsp;87.) Conversely, "[[large language models]] such as [[GPT-2]]... do language very well [but t]hey're not so good at thinking, which... nicely align[s] with the idea that the language system by itself is not what makes you think." (p.&nbsp;88.)
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/409603 | last1 = Swadesh | first1 = Morris | author-link = Morris Swadesh | year = 1934 | title = The phonemic principle | jstor = 409603| journal = Language | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 117–129 }}