Editing Open access (section)

=== Databases and repositories ===
Multiple databases exist for open access articles, journals and datasets. These databases overlap, however each has different inclusion criteria, which typically include extensive vetting for journal publication practices, editorial boards and ethics statements. The main databases of open access articles and journals are [[DOAJ]] and [[PubMed Central|PMC]]. In the case of DOAJ, only fully gold open access journals are included, whereas PMC also hosts articles from hybrid journals.

There are also a number of [[preprint server]]s which host articles that have not yet been reviewed as open access copies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peiperl |first1=Larry |date=16 April 2018 |title=Preprints in medical research: Progress and principles |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=e1002563 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002563 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=5901682 |pmid=29659580 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmore |first=Susan A. |year=2018 |title=Preprints: What Role do These Have in Communicating Scientific Results? |journal=Toxicologic Pathology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=364–365 |doi=10.1177/0192623318767322 |pmc=5999550 |pmid=29628000}}</ref> These articles are subsequently submitted for peer review by both open access and subscription journals, however the preprint always remains openly accessible. A list of preprint servers is maintained at ResearchPreprints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=A List of Preprint Servers |url=https://researchpreprints.com/2017/03/09/a-list-of-preprint-servers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309101709/http://researchpreprints.com/2017/03/09/a-list-of-preprint-servers/ |archive-date=9 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Research Preprints}}</ref>

For articles that are published in closed access journals, some authors will deposit a postprint copy in an [[open-access repository]], where it can be accessed for free.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eve |first=Martin |title=Open access and the humanities |title-link=wikisource:Open access and the humanities/Chapter 1 |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107484016 |location=Cambridge |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>[[Stevan Harnad|Harnad, S]]. 2007. [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15753 "The Green Road to Open Access: A Leveraged Transition"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312170036/http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15753/|date=12 March 2010}}. In: ''The Culture of Periodicals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age'', pp. 99–105, L'Harmattan. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</ref><ref name="greenandgold2">{{Cite journal |last1=Harnad |first1=S. |last2=Brody |first2=T. |last3=Vallières |first3=F. O. |last4=Carr |first4=L. |last5=Hitchcock |first5=S. |last6=Gingras |first6=Y. |last7=Oppenheim |first7=C. |last8=Stamerjohanns |first8=H. |last9=Hilf |first9=E. R. |year=2004 |title=The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access |journal=Serials Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=310–314 |doi=10.1016/j.serrev.2004.09.013}}</ref><ref name="roar2" /><ref name="DemystifyingOpenAccess2">{{Cite web |last1=Fortier |first1=Rose |last2=James |first2=Heather G. |last3=Jermé |first3=Martha G. |last4=Berge |first4=Patricia |last5=Del Toro |first5=Rosemary |date=14 May 2015 |title=Demystifying Open Access Workshop |url=http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=rsch_inst |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518162648/http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=rsch_inst |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=e-Publications@Marquette }}</ref> Most subscription journals place restrictions on which version of the work may be shared or require an [[Embargo (academic publishing)|embargo]] period following the original date of publication. What is deposited can therefore vary, either a [[preprint]] or the peer-reviewed [[postprint]], either the author's refereed and revised final draft or the publisher's [[version of record]], either immediately deposited or after several years.<ref name="Embargos2">[http://sparceurope.org/embargoes/ " SPARC Europe – Embargo Periods] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118022056/http://sparceurope.org/embargoes/|date=18 November 2015}}. Retrieved on 18 October 2015.</ref> Repositories may be specific to an [[Institutional repository|institution]], a [[Disciplinary repository|discipline]] (e.g.[[arXiv]]), a [[scholarly society]] (e.g. [[Modern Language Association|MLA]]'s CORE Repository), or a funder (e.g. PMC). Although the practice was first formally proposed in 1994,<ref>Ann Shumelda Okerson and James J. O'Donnell (eds). 1995. [http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/subversive.pdf "Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912184229/http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/subversive.pdf|date=12 September 2012}}. Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref><ref>Poynder, Richard. 2004. [http://www.infotoday.com/it/oct04/poynder.shtml "Poynder On Point: Ten Years After"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210259/http://www.infotoday.com/IT/oct04/poynder.shtml|date=26 September 2011}}. ''[[Information Today]]'', 21(9), October 2004. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> self-archiving was already being practiced by some computer scientists in local [[FTP]] archives in the 1980s (later harvested by [[CiteSeer]]).<ref>[[Stevan Harnad|Harnad, S]]. 2007.[http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/6519.html "Re: when did the Open Access movement "officially" begin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913192955/http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/6519.html|date=13 September 2016}}. [[American Scientist Open Access Forum]], 27 June 2007. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> The [[SHERPA/RoMEO]] site maintains a list of the different publisher copyright and self-archiving policies<ref>[http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php SHERPA/RoMEO – Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111124111/http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php|date=11 November 2007}}. Sherpa.ac.uk. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> and the [[ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories|ROAR]] database hosts an index of the repositories themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluating Institutional Repository Deployment in American Academe Since Early 2005: Repositories by the Numbers, Part 2 |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september07/mcdowell/09mcdowell.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811013843/http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september07/mcdowell/09mcdowell.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=www.dlib.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Patricia H. |last2=Yang |first2=Sharon Q. |date=1 October 2016 |title=Institutional Repositories, Open Access and Copyright: What Are the Practices and Implications? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/32654/1/IRpaper_postprint_pdf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Science & Technology Libraries |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=279–294 |doi=10.1080/0194262X.2016.1224994 |issn=0194-262X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719125239/http://eprints.rclis.org/32654/1/IRpaper_postprint_pdf.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=11 July 2019 |s2cid=63819187}}</ref>

==== Representativeness in proprietary databases ====
Uneven coverage of journals in the major commercial citation index databases (such as [[Web of Science]], [[Scopus]], and [[PubMed]])<ref name="Mongeon 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mongeon |first1=Philippe |last2=Paul-Hus |first2=Adèle |year=2016 |title=The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis |journal=Scientometrics |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=213–228 |arxiv=1511.08096 |doi=10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5 |s2cid=17753803}}</ref><ref name="Falagas 2008b">{{Cite journal |last1=Falagas |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Pitsouni |first2=Eleni I. |last3=Malietzis |first3=George A. |last4=Pappas |first4=Georgios |year=2008 |title=Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: Strengths and Weaknesses |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=338–342 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF |doi-access=free |pmid=17884971|s2cid=303173 }}</ref><ref name="Harzing 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Harzing |first1=Anne-Wil |last2=Alakangas |first2=Satu |year=2016 |title=Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A Longitudinal and Cross-Disciplinary Comparison |journal=Scientometrics |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=787–804 |doi=10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9 |s2cid=207236780 |url=https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18511/1/gsscowos.pdf |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623222207/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18511/1/gsscowos.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ràfols 2016">{{Cite SSRN |title=On the Dominance of Quantitative Evaluation in 'Peripheral" Countries: Auditing Research with Technologies of Distance |last=Robinson-Garcia |first=Nicolas |last2=Chavarro |first2=Diego Andrés |date=28 May 2016 |ssrn=2818335 |last3=Molas-Gallart |first3=Jordi |last4=Ràfols |first4=Ismael}}</ref> has strong effects on evaluating both researchers and institutions (e.g. the UK [[Research Excellence Framework]] or [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education ranking]]<ref group="note">Publications in journals listed in the WoS has a large effect on the UK [[Research Excellence Framework]]. Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE rankings]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=England |first=Higher Funding Council of |title=Clarivate Analytics will provide citation data during REF 2021 - REF 2021 |url=https://www.ref.ac.uk/news/clarivate-analytics-will-provide-citation-data-during-ref-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011423/https://www.ref.ac.uk/news/clarivate-analytics-will-provide-citation-data-during-ref-2021/ |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Higher Education Funding Council for England |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=World University Rankings 2019: methodology |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-university-rankings-2019-methodology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211120737/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-university-rankings-2019-methodology |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>). While these databases primarily select based on process and content quality, there has been concern that their commercial nature may skew their assessment criteria and representation of journals outside of Europe and North America.<ref name="TenMyths" /><ref name="Alperin 2017" /> At the time of that study in 2018, there were no  comprehensive, open source or non-commercial academic databases.<ref name="Okune 2018">{{Cite book |last1=Okune |first1=Angela |last2=Hillyer |first2=Rebecca |last3=Albornoz |first3=Denisse |last4=Posada |first4=Alejandro |last5=Chan |first5=Leslie |chapter=Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science |year=2018 |title=22nd International Conference on Electronic Publishing |volume=Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure |doi=10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.31 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, in more recent years, [[The Lens]] emerged as a suitable outside-paywalls universal academic database.