Editing Persecution of Muslims (section)

====China====
===== Hainan Island =====
[[Hainan]] is China's southernmost region inhabited by the [[Utsul]] Muslim population of approximately 10,000. In September 2020, the [[hijab]] was banned from schools in the region.<ref name="SCMP">{{cite news |last=Baptista |first=Eduardo |date=28 September 2020 |title=Tiny Muslim community in China's Hainan becomes latest target for religious crackdown |newspaper=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3103253/tiny-muslim-community-chinas-far-south-becomes-latest-target}}</ref>

Earlier in 2019, a CCP document titled "Working Document regarding the strengthening of overall governance over Huixin and Huihui Neighbourhood" described a number of measures to be taken on the Utsuls, including increased surveillance of residents in Muslim neighbourhoods, ban on traditional dress in schools and government offices, rebuilding of mosques to a smaller size and without "Arabic tendencies", removal of Arabic script from shopfronts, along with words like "[[halal]]" and "Islamic".<ref name="SCMP" />

===== Tibet =====
When Hui started migrating into [[Lhasa]] in the 1990s, rumours circulated among Tibetans in Lhasa about the Hui, such as that they were [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]]s or ate children.<ref name="Fischer"/>{{rp|2, 5, 10, 17–20}} In February 2003, Tibetans rioted against Hui, destroying Hui-owned shops and restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/23/china.clash.reut/index.html |title=Tibetans, Muslim Huis clash in China |date=23 February 2003 |access-date=15 January 2010 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Local [[Tibetan Buddhist]] religious leaders led a regional boycott movement that encouraged Tibetans to boycott Hui-owned shops, spreading the myth that Hui put the ashes of cremated [[imam]]s in the cooking water they used to serve Tibetans food, in order to convert Tibetans to Islam.<ref name="Fischer"/>

In Tibet, the majority of Muslims are [[Hui people]]. Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]]'s oppressive rule in Qinghai such as [[Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)]] and the [[Sino-Tibetan War]], but in 1949 the Communists put an end to the violence between Tibetans and Muslims, however, new Tibetan-Muslim violence broke out after China engaged in liberalization. Riots broke out between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as bones in soups and prices of balloons, and Tibetans accused Muslims of being cannibals who cooked humans in their soup and of contaminating food with urine. Tibetans attacked Muslim restaurants. Fires set by Tibetans which burned the apartments and shops of Muslims resulted in Muslim families being killed and wounded in the 2008 mid-March riots. Due to Tibetan violence against Muslims, the traditional Islamic white caps have not been worn by many Muslims. Scarfs were removed and replaced with hairnets by Muslim women in order to hide. Muslims prayed in secret at home when in August 2008 the Tibetans burned the Mosque. Incidents such as these which make Tibetans look bad on the international stage are covered up by the [[Tibetan exile]] community. The repression of Tibetan separatism by the Chinese government is supported by Hui Muslims.<ref name="Demick">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-23-fg-muslims23-story.html |title=Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China |last=Demick |first=Barbara |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=23 June 2008 |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622013126/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/world/fg-muslims23 |archive-date=22 June 2010}}</ref> In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan speaking [[Kache]] minority of Muslims).<ref name="Mayaram 2009 75">{{cite book |first=Shail |last=Mayaram |title=The other global city |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=tOZ1pBTJvp4C}} |access-date=30 July 2010 |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor Francis US |isbn=978-0415991940 |page=75}}</ref>

On 8 October 2012, a mob of about 200 [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] monks beat a dozen Dungans (Hui Muslims) in [[Luqu County]], [[Gansu]] province, in retaliation for the Chinese Muslim community's application to build a mosque in the county.<ref name="Ethnic Clashes Over Gansu Mosque">{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/mosque-10082012100424.html |title=Ethnic Clashes Over Gansu Mosque |work=Radio Free Asia|date=8 October 2012 }}</ref>

The main Mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans and Chinese Hui Muslims were violently assaulted by Tibetan rioters in the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2008 |title=Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/28/tibet.china.ap/ |newspaper=CNN |location=LHASA, Tibet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404073742/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/28/tibet.china.ap/ |archive-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> Tibetan exiles and foreign scholars like ignore and do not talk about sectarian violence between Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims.<ref name="Fischer">{{cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Andrew Martin |date=September 2005 |title=Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present |journal=CSRC Working Paper Series |publisher=Crisis States Research Centre |number=Working Paper no.68 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wp68.pdf |access-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103143112/http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wp68.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref> The majority of Tibetans viewed the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 positively and it had the effect of galvanizing anti-Muslim attitudes among Tibetans and resulted in an anti-Muslim boycott against Muslim owned businesses.<ref name="Fischer"/>{{rp|17}} Tibetan Buddhists propagate a false libel that Muslims cremate their Imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes, even though the Tibetans seem to be aware that Muslims practice burial and not cremation since they frequently clash against proposed Muslim cemeteries in their area.<ref name="Fischer"/>{{rp|19}}

Since the Chinese government supports and backs up the Hui Muslims, the Tibetans deliberately attack the Hui Muslims as a way to demonstrate anti-government sentiment and because they have a background of sectarian violence against each other since Ma Bufang's rule due to their separate religions and ethnicity and Tibetans resent Hui economic domination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2012/11/tibetan-protest |title=The living picture of frustration |author=A.A. |date=11 November 2012 |access-date=15 January 2014 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

===== Xinjiang =====
{{Main|Xinjiang internment camps}}
{{Further|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}

The city of [[Karamay]] has banned Islamic beards, headwear, and clothing on buses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/06/chinese-city-bans-islamic-beards-headwear-and-clothing-on-buses |title=Chinese city bans Islamic beards, headwear, and clothing on buses |work=The Guardian|date=6 August 2014 }}</ref> China's far-western Xinjiang province have passed a law to prohibit residents from wearing burqas in public.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/13/world/asia/china-burqa-ban/ |work=CNN |title=Quick Links}}</ref> China has also banned Ramadan fasting for [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) members in certain parts of Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-again-bans-muslims-from-fasting-during-ramadan-say-uighur-community-10326671.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-again-bans-muslims-from-fasting-during-ramadan-say-uighur-community-10326671.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Aftab |last=Ali |title=China bans Muslims from fasting during Ramadan, say Uighur community |date=17 June 2015}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] has said [[Uyghurs]] face widespread discrimination in employment, housing, and educational opportunities, as well as curtailed religious freedom and political marginalization.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Uyghurs who choose to practice their faith can only use a state-approved version of the Koran;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/directive-08142008114700.html |title=Crackdown on Xinjiang Mosques, Religion |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]] |date=14 August 2008 |access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref> men who work in the state sector cannot wear beards and women cannot wear headscarves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/hair-02202009174717.html |title=Kashgar Uyghurs Pressured To Shave |publisher=Radio Free Asia |date=20 February 2009 |access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref> The Chinese state controls the management of all mosques, which many Uyghurs feel stifles religious traditions that have formed a crucial part of their identity for centuries. Children under the age of 18 are not allowed to attend religious services at mosques.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhrp.org/articles/50/1/China-Bans-Officials-State-Employees-Children-From-Mosques/China-Bans-Officials-State-Employees-Children-From-Mosques.html |title=China Bans Officials, State Employees, Children From Mosques |publisher=[[Uyghur Human Rights Project]] |date=6 February 2006 |access-date=27 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429180357/http://www.uhrp.org/articles/50/1/China-Bans-Officials-State-Employees-Children-From-Mosques/China-Bans-Officials-State-Employees-Children-From-Mosques.html |archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> According to [[Radio Free Asia]] in April 2017, the CCP banned Islamic names such as "Saddam", "Hajj", and "Medina" for babies born in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lin |first1=Xin |last2=Mudie |first2=Luisetta |title=China Bans 'Extreme' Islamic Baby Names Among Xinjiang's Uyghurs |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/names-04202017093324.html |website=Radio Free Asia |access-date=3 May 2017 |date=20 April 2017}}</ref> Since 2017, it is alleged that China has destroyed or damaged 16,000 [[list of mosques in China|mosques]] in China's Xinjiang province – 65% of the region's total.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/thousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds |work=The Guardian |date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

According to human rights organizations and western media [[Uyghurs]] face discrimination and religious persecution at the hands of the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|government]] authorities. In a 2013 news article, ''The New York Times'' reported, "Many Uighurs are also convinced that Beijing is seeking to wipe out their language and culture through assimilation and education policies that favor Mandarin over Uighur in schools and government jobs. Civil servants can be fired for joining Friday afternoon prayer services, and Uighur college students say they are often required to eat lunch in school cafeterias during the holy month of Ramadan, when observant Muslims fast."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Andrew |date=7 October 2013 |title=Uighurs in China Say Bias Is Growing |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/world/asia/uighurs-in-china-say-bias-is-growing.html}}</ref>
Chinese authorities have confiscated passports from all residents in largely [[Islam in China|Muslim]] region of [[Xinjiang]], populated by Turkic-speaking Uyghurs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China orders Xinjiang residents to hand in passports|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/25/china-xinjiang-residents-told-to-turn-in-passports|access-date=2023-01-02|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2018, the [[United Nations]] said that credible reports had led it to estimate that up to a million Uighurs and other Muslims were being held in "something that resembles a massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". The U.N.'s [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] said that some estimates indicated that up to 2 million Uighurs and other Muslims were held in "political camps for indoctrination", in a "no-rights zone".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-un/u-n-says-it-has-credible-reports-that-china-holds-million-uighurs-in-secret-camps-idUSKBN1KV1SU |title=U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps |date=10 August 2018 |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |work=Reuters |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Conditions in Xinjiang had deteriorated that they were described by political scientists as "[[Orwellian]]".<ref name="HKFP-AFP">{{cite news |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/19/no-place-hide-exiled-chinese-uighur-muslims-feel-states-long-reach/ |title=No place to hide: exiled Chinese Uighur Muslims feel state's long reach |date=19 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

These so-called [[re-education through labor|"re-education" camps]] and later, "vocational training centres", were described by the government for "rehabilitation and redemption" to combat terrorism and religious extremism.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Philip |last1=Wen |first2=Olzhas |last2=Auyezov |date=29 November 2018 |title=Tracking China's Muslim Gulag |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/muslims-camps-china/ |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=16 May 2018 |title=Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/6e151296fb194f85ba69a8babd972e4b/Chinese-mass-indoctrination-camps-evoke-Cultural-Revolution |access-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517181638/https://apnews.com/6e151296fb194f85ba69a8babd972e4b/Chinese-mass-indoctrination-camps-evoke-Cultural-Revolution |archive-date=17 May 2018}}<br />{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=25 January 2018 |title=China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report |access-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010931/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report |archive-date=19 August 2018}}<br />{{cite news |last=Denyer |first=Simon |date=17 May 2018 |title=Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html?noredirect=on |access-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516202607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html?noredirect=on |archive-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> In response to the UN panel's finding of indefinite detention without due process, the Chinese government delegation officially conceded that it was engaging in widespread "resettlement and re-education" and State media described the controls in Xinjiang as "intense".<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/13/china-state-media-defend-intense-controls-xinjiang-uighurs |title=China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims |date=13 August 2018 |last=Kuo |first=Lily |access-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814004315/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/13/china-state-media-defend-intense-controls-xinjiang-uighurs |archive-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

On 31 August 2018, the United Nations committee called on the Chinese government to "end the practice of detention without lawful charge, trial, and conviction", to release the detained persons, to provide specifics as to the number of interred individuals and the reasons for their detention, and to investigate the allegations of "racial, ethnic, and ethno-religious profiling". A [[BBC]] report quoted an unnamed Chinese official as saying that "Uighurs enjoyed full rights" but also admitting that "those deceived by religious extremism... shall be assisted by resettlement and re-education".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45364689 |title=UN 'alarmed' by reports of China's mass detention of Uighurs |date=31 August 2018 |work=BBC News Asia |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> On 10 September 2018, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Michelle Bachelet]] urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there. She said that: "The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon".<ref name="voice">{{cite web |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-un-rights-chief-takes-on-china-other-powers-in-first-speech/4565652.html |title=New UN Rights Chief Takes on China, Other Powers |publisher=Voice of America |date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/09/11/world/asia/11reuters-un-rights-china.html |title=China Tells U.N. Rights Chief to Respect Its Sovereignty After Xinjiang Comments |work=The New York Times |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>

The U.S. [[Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act]] of 2020 imposes sanctions on foreign individuals and entities responsible for human rights violations in China's Xinjiang region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump signs Uyghur human rights bill on same day Bolton alleges he told Xi to proceed with detention camps |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/17/politics/trump-uyghur-human-rights-bolton-china/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=17 June 2020}}</ref>