Editing Volcano (section)

==Volcanoes on other celestial bodies==
{{see also|List of extraterrestrial volcanoes|Volcanism on the Moon|Volcanism on Mars|Volcanism on Io|Volcanism on Venus}}
[[File:Tvashtarvideo.gif|left|thumb|The [[Tvashtar Paterae|Tvashtar]] volcano erupts a plume 330&nbsp;km (205&nbsp;mi) above the surface of [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Io (moon)|Io]].]]

Earth's [[Moon]] has no large volcanoes and no current volcanic activity, although recent evidence suggests it may still possess a partially molten core.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wieczorek|first1=Mark A.|last2=Jolliff|first2=Bradley L.|last3=Khan|first3=Amir|last4=Pritchard|first4=Matthew E.|last5=Weiss|first5=Benjamin P.|last6=Williams|first6=James G.|last7=Hood|first7=Lon L.|last8=Righter|first8=Kevin|last9=Neal|first9=Clive R.|last10=Shearer|first10=Charles K.|last11=McCallum|first11=I. Stewart|last12=Tompkins|first12=Stephanie|last13=Hawke|first13=B. Ray|last14=Peterson|first14=Chris|last15=Gillis|first15=Jeffrey J.|last16=Bussey|first16=Ben|title=The constitution and structure of the lunar interior|journal=[[Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry]]|date=January 1, 2006|volume=60|issue=1|pages=221–364|doi=10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3|bibcode=2006RvMG...60..221W|s2cid=130734866}}</ref> However, the Moon does have many volcanic features such as [[lunar mare|maria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/mare|title=Mare|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=January 4, 2012|website=Volcano World|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref> (the darker patches seen on the Moon), [[rille]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sinuous-rilles|title=Sinuous Rilles|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=January 4, 2012|website=Volcano World|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref> and [[lunar dome|domes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Lunar Mystery: The Gruithuisen Domes|url=https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/482/a-lunar-mystery-the-gruithuisen-domes|access-date=January 6, 2024|website=Moon: NASA Science|date=April 20, 2022 }}</ref>

The planet [[Venus]] has a surface that is 90% [[basalt]], indicating that volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bindschadler|first1=D.L.|title=Magellan: A new view of Venus' geology and geophysics|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|year=1995|volume=33|issue=S1|pages=459–467|doi=10.1029/95RG00281|bibcode=1995RvGeo..33S.459B}}</ref> from what scientists can tell from the density of impact craters on the surface. [[Lava flows]] are widespread and forms of volcanism not present on Earth occur as well. Changes in the planet's atmosphere and observations of lightning have been attributed to ongoing volcanic eruptions, although there is no confirmation of whether or not Venus is still volcanically active. However, radar sounding by the Magellan probe revealed evidence for comparatively recent volcanic activity at Venus's highest volcano [[Maat Mons]], in the form of [[ash flow]]s near the summit and on the northern flank.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Cordula A.|last2=Thornhill|first2=Gill D.|last3=Parfitt|first3=Elisabeth A.|title=Large-scale volcanic activity at Maat Mons: Can this explain fluctuations in atmospheric chemistry observed by Pioneer Venus?|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|year=1995|volume=100|issue=E6|pages=11755|doi=10.1029/95JE00147|bibcode=1995JGR...10011755R}}</ref> However, the interpretation of the flows as ash flows has been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mouginis-Mark|first1=Peter J.|title=Geomorphology and volcanology of Maat Mons, Venus|journal=Icarus|date=October 2016|volume=277|pages=433–441|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.022|bibcode=2016Icar..277..433M}}</ref>

[[File:Olympus Mons alt.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Olympus Mons]] ([[Latin]], "Mount Olympus"), located on the planet Mars, is the tallest known mountain in the [[Solar System]].]]
There are several extinct volcanoes on [[Mars]], four of which are vast shield volcanoes far bigger than any on Earth. They include [[Arsia Mons]], [[Ascraeus Mons]], [[Hecates Tholus]], [[Olympus Mons]], and [[Pavonis Mons]]. These volcanoes have been extinct for many millions of years,<ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Glacial_volcanic_and_fluvial_activity_on_Mars_latest_images|title=Glacial, volcanic and fluvial activity on Mars: latest images|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|access-date=July 21, 2024|date=February 25, 2005}}</ref> but the European ''[[Mars Express]]'' spacecraft has found evidence that volcanic activity may have occurred on Mars in the recent past as well.<ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes"/>

[[Jupiter]]'s [[Natural satellite|moon]] [[Io (moon)|Io]] is the most volcanically active object in the Solar System because of [[tides|tidal]] interaction with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt [[sulfur]], [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[silicate]] rock, and as a result, [[Io (moon)|Io]] is constantly being resurfaced. Its lavas are the hottest known anywhere in the Solar System, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500&nbsp;°C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the Solar System occurred on Io.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exceptionally bright eruption on Io rivals largest in solar system|url=http://keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem/|website=W.M. Keck Observatory|date=November 13, 2002|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806235121/http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], the smallest of Jupiter's [[Galilean moon]]s, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which freezes into [[ice]] on the frigid surface. This process is known as [[cryovolcanism]], and is apparently most common on the moons of the outer planets of the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Geissler|first=Paul|title=Chapter 44 – Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System|date=January 1, 2015|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123859389000444|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition)|pages=763–776|editor-last=Sigurdsson|editor-first=Haraldur|access-date=January 6, 2024|place=Amsterdam|publisher=Academic Press|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385938-9.00044-4|isbn=978-0-12-385938-9|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1989, the ''[[Voyager 2]]'' spacecraft observed [[cryovolcano]]es (ice volcanoes) on [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], a [[Natural satellite|moon]] of [[Neptune]], and in 2005 the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' probe photographed [[Enceladus (moon)#Cryovolcanism|fountains of frozen particles erupting from Enceladus]], a moon of [[Saturn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/enceladus.asp|title=Cassini Finds an Atmosphere on Saturn's Moon Enceladus|date=March 16, 2005|work=[[PPARC]]|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310211512/http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/enceladus.asp|archive-date=March 10, 2007}}</ref><!-- replaced it above<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/enceladus.asp|title=Cassini Finds an Atmosphere on Saturn's Moon Enceladus'|publisher=Pparc.ac.uk|access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2198.html|title=Enceladus, Saturn's Moon|last=Smith|first=Yvette|date=March 15, 2012|work=Image of the Day Gallery|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 4, 2014}}</ref> The ejecta may be composed of water, [[liquid nitrogen]], [[ammonia]], dust, or [[methane]] compounds. ''Cassini–Huygens'' also found evidence of a methane-spewing cryovolcano on the [[Saturn]]ian moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], which is believed to be a significant source of the methane found in its atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7489|title=Hydrocarbon volcano discovered on Titan|date=June 8, 2005|work=New Scientist|access-date=October 24, 2010|archive-date=September 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919022956/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7489|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is theorized that cryovolcanism may also be present on the [[Kuiper Belt Object]] [[Quaoar]].

A 2010 study of the [[exoplanet]] [[COROT-7b]], which was detected by [[transit method|transit]] in 2009, suggested that [[tidal heating]] from the host star very close to the planet and neighbouring planets could generate intense volcanic activity similar to that found on Io.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaggard|first=Victoria|title="Super Earth" May Really Be New Planet Type: Super-Io|work=National Geographic web site daily news|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=February 5, 2010|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100205-new-type-planet-corot-7b-io/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209014528/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100205-new-type-planet-corot-7b-io/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 9, 2010|access-date=March 11, 2010}}</ref>