Editing Women's rights (section)

==== Legal rights ====

Reproductive rights are [[legal right]]s and freedoms relating to [[Human reproduction|reproduction]] and [[reproductive health]]. Reproductive rights were endorsed by the twenty-year Cairo Programme of Action which was adopted in 1994 at the [[International Conference on Population and Development]] (ICPD) in [[Cairo]], and by the [[Beijing Declaration]] and [[Beijing Platform for Action]] in 1995.

In the 1870s feminists advanced the concept of ''voluntary motherhood'' as a political critique of ''involuntary motherhood''<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gordon| first = Linda| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| page = 55 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn = 978-0-252-02764-2 }}</ref> and expressing a desire for women's emancipation.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| page = 56 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn =  978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref> Advocates for voluntary motherhood disapproved of [[contraception]], arguing that women should only engage in sex for the purpose of [[procreation]]<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn = 978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref> and advocated for periodic or permanent [[abstinence]].<ref name="Gordon 2002 59">{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| page = 59 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn =  978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref>

Reproductive rights represent a broad concept, that may include some or all of the following rights: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to control one's reproductive functions, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to [[family planning|education and access]] in order to make reproductive choices free from [[coercion]], discrimination, and violence.<ref name="AMNESTY">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/Stop_Violence_Against_Women_SVAW/Reproductive_Rights/page.do?id=1108242&n1=3&n2=39&n3=1101 |title=Stop Violence Against Women: Reproductive rights |access-date=8 December 2007 |author=Amnesty International USA |year=2007 |work=SVAW |publisher=Amnesty International USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120140923/http://www.amnestyusa.org/Stop_Violence_Against_Women_SVAW/Reproductive_Rights/page.do?id=1108242&n1=3&n2=39&n3=1101 |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> Reproductive rights may also be understood to include [[sex education|education]] about contraception and [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]].<ref name="COOK" /><ref name="FREEDMAN" /><ref name="AMNESTY" /><ref name="Template">{{cite web|url=http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/fourth/zavales4.html |title=Template |publisher=Nocirc.org |date=10 December 1993 |access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> Reproductive rights are often defined to include freedom from [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM), and [[forced abortion]] and [[forced sterilization]].<ref name="COOK" /><ref name="FREEDMAN" /><ref name="AMNESTY" /><ref name="Template"/> The Istanbul Convention recognizes these two rights at Article 38 – Female genital mutilation and Article 39 – Forced abortion and forced sterilisation.<ref name="Istanbul">{{cite web|url=http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/210.htm|title=Council of Europe – Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No. 210)|work=coe.int|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Reproductive rights are understood as rights of both men and women, but are most frequently advanced as women's rights.<ref name="FREEDMAN"/>

In the 1960s, reproductive rights activists promoted women's right to bodily autonomy, with these social movements leading to the gain of legal access to contraception and abortion during the next decades in many countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jofreeman.com/photos/MFWL.html|title=The March for Women's Lives, April 2004|website=jofreeman.com|access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>