Editing 1644 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Torstenson War]]: [[Battle of Colberger Heide]] &ndash; The [[Denmark-Norway|Dano-Norwegian]] and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] fleets fight a naval battle off the coast of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]-[[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]]. The battle is indecisive but represents a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet.
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Marston Moor]] &ndash; The [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] crush the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] in [[Yorkshire]], ending [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'s hold on the north of England.<ref>{{cite book | last = Levene | first = Mark | title = The massacre in history | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9781571819345 | page=93 | language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Tippermuir]] &ndash; [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]] defeats [[John Wemyss, 1st Earl of Wemyss|Lord Elcho]]'s [[Covenanter]]s, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.
* [[September 2]] &ndash; English Civil War: Second [[Battle of Lostwithiel]] (in [[Cornwall]]) &ndash; [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] gain their last major victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|page=80}}</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent X]] succeeds [[Pope Urban VIII]], becoming the 236th [[pope]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Levillain | first = Philippe | title = The papacy : an encyclopedia | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780415922289 | page=801 | language=en}}</ref>