Editing 1874 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]]
** The [[Universal Postal Union]] is established.
** The [[Philadelphia Zoo]] opens, the first public zoo in the [[United States]].
** The [[Sholes and Glidden typewriter]], with cylindrical platen and [[QWERTY]] keyboard, is first marketed in the United States.
** The [[Bank of Spain]] emits the first [[Spanish peseta|peseta]] banknotes.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues, 1368 - 1960| journal =Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. Vol. 2, General Issues| year =2008| page =1088| issn =1538-2001}}</ref>
* [[July 14]] &ndash; The [[Chicago Fire of 1874]] burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.
* [[July 24]]
**[[Mathew Evans]] and [[Henry Woodward (inventor)|Henry Woodward]] patent the first [[Incandescent light bulb|incandescent lamp]], with an electric light bulb.
** [[Third Carlist War]]: Sack of Cuenca &ndash; After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136&nbsp;km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Patrick Francis Healy]], S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of [[Georgetown University]], the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university.
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Oteiza &ndash; Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.
* [[September 9]] &ndash; Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in [[Hemphill County, Texas]].
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Liberty Place]]: In [[New Orleans]], former Confederate Army members of the [[White League]] temporarily drive Republican Governor [[William P. Kellogg]] from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor [[John McEnery (Louisiana politician)|John McEnery]]. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.<ref>"Chief Justice Edward Douglass White", by William H. Forman, Jr., in ''ABA Journal'' (March 1970) p261</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Texas–Indian wars]]: U.S. Army Colonel [[Ranald S. Mackenzie]] leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the [[Kiowa people|Kiowa]], [[Comanche people|Comanche]] and [[Cheyenne people|Cheyenne]] Indian tribes, a village inside the  [[Palo Duro Canyon]] in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in [[Oklahoma]].<ref>Frances H. Kennedy, ''American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008) p168</ref>