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=== 64-bit address timeline === ; 1991: [[MIPS Computer Systems]] produces the first 64-bit microprocessor, the [[R4000]], which implements the [[MIPS architecture#MIPS III|MIPS III]] architecture, the third revision of its [[MIPS architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Joe Heinrich |title=MIPS R4000 Microprocessor User's Manual |edition=2nd |year=1994 |publisher=MIPS Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> The CPU is used in [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] graphics workstations starting with the [[SGI Crimson|IRIS Crimson]]. [[Kendall Square Research]] deliver their first KSR1 supercomputer, based on a proprietary 64-bit RISC processor architecture running [[Tru64 UNIX#OSF/1|OSF/1]]. ; 1992: [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) introduces the pure 64-bit [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]] architecture which was born from the [[DEC PRISM|PRISM]] project.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richard L. Sites |title=Alpha AXP Architecture |journal=Digital Technical Journal |volume=4 |issue=4 |year=1992 |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation}}</ref> ; 1994: [[Intel]] announces plans for the 64-bit [[IA-64]] architecture (jointly developed with [[Hewlett-Packard]]) as a successor to its 32-bit [[IA-32]] processors. A 1998 to 1999 launch date was targeted. ; 1995: [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] launches a 64-bit [[SPARC]] processor, the [[UltraSPARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gwennap |first=Linley |title=UltraSparc Unleashes SPARC Performance |journal=Microprocessor Report |volume=8 |issue=13 |date=3 October 1994 |publisher=MicroDesign Resources}}</ref> [[Fujitsu]]-owned [[HAL Computer Systems]] launches workstations based on a 64-bit CPU, HAL's independently designed first-generation [[HAL SPARC64|SPARC64]]. IBM releases the A10 and A30 microprocessors, the first 64-bit PowerPC AS processors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bishop |first=J. W. |display-authors=etal |title=PowerPC AS A10 64-bit RISC microprocessor |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |date=July 1996 |pages=495–505 |publisher=IBM Corporation |doi=10.1147/rd.404.0495}}</ref> IBM also releases a 64-bit AS/400 system upgrade, which can convert the operating system, database and applications. ; 1996: [[Nintendo]] introduces the [[Nintendo 64]] video game console, built around a low-cost variant of the MIPS R4000. HP releases the first implementation of its 64-bit [[PA-RISC|PA-RISC 2.0]] architecture, the [[PA-8000]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gwennap |first=Linley |title=PA-8000 Combines Complexity and Speed |journal=Microprocessor Report |volume=8 |issue=15 |date=14 November 1994 |publisher=MicroDesign Resources}}</ref> ; 1998: IBM releases the [[POWER3]] line of full-64-bit PowerPC/[[IBM POWER architecture|POWER]] processors.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=F. P. O'Connell |author2=S. W. White |title=POWER3: The next generation of PowerPC processors |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume=44 |issue=6 |date=November 2000 |pages=873–884 |publisher=IBM Corporation |doi=10.1147/rd.446.0873}}</ref> ; 1999: Intel releases the [[instruction set]] for the [[IA-64]] architecture. [[AMD]] publicly discloses its set of 64-bit extensions to IA-32, called [[x86-64]] (later branded AMD64). ; 2000: IBM ships its first 64-bit [[z/Architecture]] [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]], the [[zSeries]] z900. z/Architecture is a 64-bit version of the 32-bit [[ESA/390]] architecture, a descendant of the 32-bit [[System/360]] architecture. ; 2001: Intel ships its IA-64 processor line, after repeated delays in getting to market. Now branded [[Itanium]] and targeting high-end servers, sales fail to meet expectations. ; 2003: AMD introduces its [[Opteron]] and [[Athlon 64]] processor lines, based on its [[x86-64|AMD64]] architecture which is the first x86-based 64-bit processor architecture. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] also ships the 64-bit "G5" [[PowerPC 970]] CPU produced by IBM. Intel maintains that its Itanium chips would remain its only 64-bit processors. ; 2004: Intel, reacting to the market success of AMD, admits it has been developing a clone of the AMD64 extensions named IA-32e (later renamed EM64T, then yet again renamed to Intel 64). Intel ships updated versions of its [[Xeon]] and [[Pentium 4]] processor families supporting the new 64-bit instruction set. :[[VIA Technologies]] announces the [[VIA Isaiah|Isaiah]] 64-bit processor.<ref>{{cite press release |title=VIA Unveils Details of Next-Generation Isaiah Processor Core |url=https://www.via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/2004_archive/pr041005_fpf-isaiah.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053054/https://via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/2004_archive/pr041005_fpf-isaiah.jsp |archive-date=2007-10-11 |access-date=2007-07-18 |publisher=VIA Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> ; 2006: Sony, IBM, and Toshiba begin manufacturing the 64-bit [[Cell (processor)|Cell processor]] for use in the [[PlayStation 3]], servers, workstations, and other appliances. Intel released [[Intel Core (microarchitecture)|Core 2 Duo]] as the first mainstream x86-64 processor for its mobile, desktop, and workstation line. Prior 64-bit extension processor lines were not widely available in the consumer retail market (most of 64-bit Pentium 4/D were OEM), 64-bit Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Celeron were not into mass production until late 2006 due to poor yield issue (most of good yield wafers were targeted at server and mainframe while mainstream still remain 130 nm 32-bit processor line until 2006) and soon became low end after Core 2 debuted. AMD released their first 64-bit mobile processor and manufactured in 90 nm. ; 2011: [[ARM Holdings]] announces ARMv8-A, the first 64-bit version of the [[ARM architecture family]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ARMv8 Technology Preview|url=https://www.arm.com/files/downloads/ARMv8_Architecture.pdf|date=October 31, 2011|access-date=November 15, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111161327/https://www.arm.com/files/downloads/ARMv8_Architecture.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ; 2012: ARM Holdings announced their Cortex-A53 and Cortex-A57 cores, their first cores based on their 64-bit architecture, on 30 October 2012.<ref name="cortex-a50 announce">{{cite press release |url=https://www.arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-launches-cortex-a50-series-the-worlds-most-energy-efficient-64-bit-processors.php |title=ARM Launches Cortex-A50 Series, the World's Most Energy-Efficient 64-bit Processors |publisher=[[ARM Holdings]] |access-date=2012-10-31}}</ref><ref name="ARM64bKeynote">{{cite web |title=ARM Keynote: ARM Cortex-A53 and ARM Cortex-A57 64bit ARMv8 processors launched| website=ARMdevices.net |date=2012-10-31 |url=http://armdevices.net/2012/10/31/arm-keynote-arm-cortex-a53-and-arm-cortex-a57-64bit-armv8-processors-launched/}}</ref> ; 2013:Apple announces the [[iPhone 5S]], with the world's first 64-bit processor in a smartphone, which uses their [[Apple A7|A7]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip alongside the [[iPad Air]] and [[iPad Mini 2]] which are the world's first 64-bit processor in a tablet. ; 2014:[[RISC-V]] was published<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Asanović |first1=Krste |author1-link=Krste Asanović |last2=Patterson |first2=David A. |author2-link=David A. Patterson (computer scientist) |date=August 6, 2014 |title=Instruction Sets Should Be Free: The Case For RISC-V |url=http://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2014/EECS-2014-146.pdf |id=UCB/EECS-2014-146 |publisher=EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>. Google announces the [[Nexus 9]] tablet, the first Android device to run on the 64-bit Tegra K1 chip. ; 2015:Apple announces the [[iPod Touch (6th generation)]], the first iPod Touch to use the 64-bit processor [[Apple A8|A8]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip alongside the [[Apple TV|Apple TV (4th generation)]] which is the world's first 64-bit processor in an Apple TV. ; 2018:Apple announces the [[Apple Watch|Apple Watch Series 4]], the first Apple Watch to use the 64-bit processor [[Apple S4|S4]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip. ; 2020:Synopsis announce the ARCv3 ISA, the first 64-bit version of the [[ARC (processor)|ARC ISA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.synopsys.com/2020-04-07-Synopsys-Introduces-New-64-bit-ARC-Processor-IP-Delivering-Up-to-3x-Performance-Increase-for-High-End-Embedded-Applications | title=Synopsys Introduces New 64-bit ARC Processor IP | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110658/https://news.synopsys.com/2020-04-07-Synopsys-Introduces-New-64-bit-ARC-Processor-IP-Delivering-Up-to-3x-Performance-Increase-for-High-End-Embedded-Applications | archive-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>
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