Editing Abu Bakr ibn Umar (section)

==Death==

Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" ([[Soninke Wangara]] of the [[Tagant Region]] of southern [[Mauritania]]), relating that he was struck down by a poisoned arrow<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norris |first=H. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRJyAAAAMAAJ&q=died+tagant+almoravid+abu+bakr+ibn+umar |title=The Berbers in Arabic Literature |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-78303-4 |pages=131 |language=en |quote=Abū Bakr ibn ' Umar, who is known locally as Ibn ' Āmir, was killed by a poisoned arrow in 1087}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hama |first1=Boubou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtAMAQAAIAAJ&q=fl%C3%A8che+empoisonn%C3%A9e+almoravide+abou+bakr+ben+omar |title=Histoire du Niger: l'Afrique, le monde. Cours moyens |last2=Guilhem |first2=Marcel |date=1965 |publisher=Ligel |pages=37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_pcAAAAMAAJ&q=fl%C3%A8che+empoisonn%C3%A9e+almoravide+abou+bakr+ben+omar |title=Le Colloque senghorien de Dakar |date=1998 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Dakar |pages=216 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwssAQAAIAAJ&q=fl%C3%A8che+empoisonn%C3%A9e+almoravide+abou+bakr+ben+omar |title=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines. Série B |date=1955 |publisher=IFAN |pages=184 |language=fr}}</ref> from an old, blind<ref name=":0" /> Gangara chieftain in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana).<ref>P. Semonin (1964) "The Almoravid Movement in the Western Sudan: A review of the evidence" ''Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana'', v.7: p.58</ref><ref>R.A. Messier (2010) ''The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad'', Sant Barbar: Praeger. p.209</ref> His grave is at Maksam in Tagant region,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauny |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_1yAAAAMAAJ&q=tombe+almoravide+abou+bakr+ben+omar |title=Tableau géographique de l'Ouest africain au Moyen Age: d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie |date=1961 |publisher=IFAN |pages=49 |language=fr}}</ref> it is 15&nbsp;km from Quddiya<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=من عبق التاريخ {{!}} ميادين |url=https://meyadin.net/node/9402 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=meyadin.net |quote=martyred Prince Abu Bakr bin Amer around 464 AH in Maksam in the Tagant region, 15 km from Quddiya currently known, on the outskirts of Tidjikja}}</ref> on the outskirts<ref name=":1" /> of [[Tidjikja]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVcvAAAAIAAJ&q=tombe+Tagant+almoravide+abou+bakr+ben+omar |title=Initiations et études africaines |date=1966 |publisher=IFAN |pages=26 |language=fr |quote=His grave, with his name but no date, is near [[Tidjikja|Tijikja]]. in [[Tagant Region]] ([[Mauritania]])}}</ref> According to [[Wolof people|Wolof]] oral tradition, a [[Serer people|Serer]] bowman named [[Amar Godomat]] killed him near [[lake Rkiz]] (Godomat's name apparently originates with this death).<ref>"Ce régicide dont l'exploit donna peut-être le signal de l'exode a ainsi pris le surnom de "Amar god o maat, "Amar (qui) sabre (le) roi"" Diouf, Marcel Mahawa, ''Lances mâles : [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] et les traditions sérères'', Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale, Niamey, 1996, p. 54</ref>

===Dating===
Following [[Ibn Abi Zar]], Abu Bakr ibn Umar's death has been commonly dated to 1087.{{sfn|Conrad|Fisher|1982|p=22}} This is supported by numismatic evidence, with coins minted in Sijilmassa in Abu Bakr's name until that date.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hazard |first1=Harry |title=The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa |date=1952 |publisher=American Numismatic Society |page=61-2 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/213852433/The-numismatic-history-of-late-medieval-North-Africa-by-Harry-W-Hazard |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> [[Ibn 'Idhari]], however, records him dying only 3 years after his return to the desert, sometime in 1075 or 1076. The clear exaggerations in Ibn Abi Zar's account are perhaps a reason to view his dates with skepticism,{{sfn|Conrad|Fisher|1982|p=35}} as well as the fact that the campaign against Ghana was possibly led by Abu Bakr's son, Yahya.{{sfn|Burkhalter|1992|p=111}}
<blockquote><p>No historian has yet accounted for the ease with which Almoravid historiography has appropriated Ibn Idhari's chronology—this, at the expense of that passed on by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun—at all junctures except the date he provides Abu Bakr's death.{{sfn|Burkhalter|1992|p=127}}</p></blockquote>