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Activated sludge
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=== Sludge production=== Activated sludge is also the name given to the active biological material produced by activated sludge plants. Excess sludge is called "surplus activated sludge" or "waste activated sludge" and is removed from the treatment process to keep "food to biomass" (F/M) ratio in balance (where biomass refers to the activated sludge). This [[sewage sludge]] is usually mixed with primary sludge from the primary clarifiers and undergoes further [[sewage sludge treatment|sludge treatment]] for example by [[anaerobic digestion]], followed by thickening, dewatering, [[composting]] and land application. The amount of sewage sludge produced from the activated sludge process is directly proportional to the amount of wastewater treated. The total sludge production consists of the sum of primary sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks as well as waste activated sludge from the bioreactors. The activated sludge process produces about {{convert|70|β|100|g/m3|oz/cuyd}} of waste activated sludge (that is grams of dry solids produced per cubic metre of wastewater treated). {{convert|80|g/m3|oz/cuyd}} is regarded as being typical.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title = Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse|url = https://archive.org/details/wastewaterengine00tcho|url-access = limited|publisher = Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill, USA|isbn = 0-07-112250-8|page = [https://archive.org/details/wastewaterengine00tcho/page/n1482 1456]|edition = 4th|year = 2003}}</ref> In addition, about {{convert|110|β|170|g/m3|oz/cuyd}} of primary sludge is produced in the primary sedimentation tanks which most - but not all - of the activated sludge process configurations use.<ref name=":1" />
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