Editing Agent-based model (section)

===1990s: expansion===
The 1990s were especially notable for the expansion of ABM within the social sciences, one notable effort was the large-scale ABM, [[Sugarscape]], developed by
[[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, and transmission of disease and even culture.<ref name="GAS">{{cite book |first1=Joshua M. |last1=Epstein |author-link1=Joshua M. Epstein |first2=Robert |last2=Axtell |author-link2=Robert Axtell |title=Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |date=October 11, 1996 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 224] |isbn=978-0-262-55025-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 }}</ref> Other notable 1990s developments included [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[Kathleen Carley]] ABM,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/construct/index.php |title=Construct |publisher=Computational Analysis of Social Organizational Systems |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011221558/http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/construct/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> to explore the co-evolution of social networks and culture. The [[Santa Fe Institute]] (SFI) was important in encouraging the development of the ABM modeling platform Swarm under the leadership of [[Christopher Langton]].  Research conducted through SFI allowed the expansion of ABM techniques to a number of fields including study of the social and spatial dynamics of small-scale human societies and primates.<ref name=":0" /> During this 1990s timeframe [[Nigel Gilbert]] published the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the social scientist (1999) and established a journal from the perspective of social sciences: the ''[[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]]'' (JASSS). Other than JASSS, agent-based models of any discipline are within scope of SpringerOpen journal ''[[Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling]]'' (CASM).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.casmodeling.com/ |title=Springer Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling Journal (CASM) |access-date=July 1, 2012 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618154650/http://www.casmodeling.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Through the mid-1990s, the social sciences thread of ABM began to focus on such issues as designing effective teams, understanding the communication required for organizational effectiveness, and the behavior of social networks.  CMOT—later renamed Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS)—incorporated more and more agent-based modeling.  Samuelson (2000) is a good brief overview of the early history,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2000/orms-12-00/Designing-Organizations |last=Samuelson |first=Douglas A. |title=Designing Organizations |journal=OR/MS Today |date=December 2000 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145006/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2000/orms-12-00/Designing-Organizations |url-status=live }}</ref> and Samuelson (2005) and Samuelson and Macal (2006) trace the more recent developments.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2005/orms-2-05/Agents-of-Change |last=Samuelson |first=Douglas A. |title=Agents of Change |journal=OR/MS Today |date=February 2005 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145007/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2005/orms-2-05/Agents-of-Change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2006/orms-8-06/Agent-Based-Simulation-Comes-of-Age |last1=Samuelson |first1=Douglas A. |last2=Macal |first2=Charles M. |title=Agent-Based Modeling Comes of Age |journal=OR/MS Today |date=August 2006 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145008/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2006/orms-8-06/Agent-Based-Simulation-Comes-of-Age |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1990s, the merger of TIMS and ORSA to form [[INFORMS]], and the move by INFORMS from two meetings each year to one, helped to spur the CMOT group to form a separate society, the North American Association for Computational Social and Organizational Sciences (NAACSOS).  Kathleen Carley was a major contributor, especially to models of social networks, obtaining [[National Science Foundation]] funding for the annual conference and serving as the first President of NAACSOS.  She was succeeded by David Sallach of the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Argonne National Laboratory]], and then by Michael Prietula of [[Emory University]]. At about the same time NAACSOS began, the European Social Simulation Association (ESSA) and the Pacific Asian Association for Agent-Based Approach in Social Systems Science (PAAA), counterparts of NAACSOS, were organized.  As of 2013, these three organizations collaborate internationally.  The First World Congress on Social Simulation was held under their joint sponsorship in Kyoto, Japan, in August 2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The Second World Congress was held in the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., in July 2008, with [[George Mason University]] taking the lead role in local arrangements.