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Alveolar click
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=={{anchor|Percussive alveolar clicks}}Percussive release== {{Infobox IPA |above=Percussive alveolar click<br><small>(tenuis velar)</small> |ipa symbol=ᵏǃ͡¡ |ipa symbol2=k͜ǃꜞ |ipa-number=|decimal= }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Percussive palatal click<br><small>(nasal velar)</small> |ipa symbol=ᵑǂ͡¡ |ipa symbol2=ŋ͜ǂꜞ |ipa-number=|decimal= }} In [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]], alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth.<ref>Wright, Richard, Ian Maddieson, Peter Ladefoged, Bonny Sands (1995). "A phonetic study of Sandawe clicks", ''UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics'', No. 91: Fieldwork Studies in Targeted Languages III.</ref> This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual [[percussive consonant|percussive component]] is {{angbr IPA|¡}} in the [[extensions to the IPA]]; a slapped click is therefore transcribed {{angbr IPA|ǃ͡¡}} or {{angbr IPA|ǃꜞ}} (or {{angbr IPA|ʗ͡¡, ʗꜞ}}). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are {{IPA|[ᵏǃ͡¡, ᵏǃ͡¡ʰ, ᶢǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡ˀ]}} (or {{IPA|[ᵏʗꜞ ᵏʗꜞʰ ᶢʗꜞ ᵑʗꜞ ᵑʗꜞˀ]}} etc.). (Clement Doke also noted a [[palatal click with slapped release]], {{IPA|[ᵑǂ¡]}}.)<ref>Clement Doke (1925) An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ̬꞉ Bushman of the North-West Kalahari. ''Bantu Studies'' 2: 129–166.</ref> Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of [[Gan Chinese]] (from [[Ningdu]] county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and [[Jilin]]), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with {{IPA|/ŋ/}} in Gan and until recently began with {{IPA|/ŋ/}} in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone), :{{IPA|[tʰien i tsʰak ᵑǃ͡¡o]}} 天一隻鵝 'a goose in the sky' :{{IPA|[ti ha i tsʰak ᵑǃ͡¡a]}} 地下一隻鴨 'a duck on the ground' :{{IPA|[ᵑǃ͡¡o saŋ ᵑǃ͡¡o tʰan, ᵑǃ͡¡o pʰau ᵑǃ͡¡o]}} 鵝生鵝蛋鵝孵鵝 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose' :{{IPA|[ᵑǃ͡¡a saŋ ᵑǃ͡¡a tʰan, ᵑǃ͡¡a pʰau ᵑǃ͡¡a]}} 鴨生鴨蛋鴨孵鴨 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck' where the {{IPA|/ŋ/}} onsets are all pronounced {{IPA|[ᵑǃ͡¡]}}.<ref>Geoffrey Nathan, 'Clicks in a Chinese Nursery Rhyme', JIPA (2001) 31/2.</ref>
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