Editing Amusement (section)

== Emotional expression of amusement ==
The origin of the study of emotional expression is often attributed to [[Charles Darwin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keltner, D., Tracy, J. L., Sauter, D. A., Cordaro, D. C. & McNeil, G.|title=Expression of Emotion.| journal=In Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J. M. Eds., Handbook of Emotions|date=2016|volume=4th|pages=467–482}}</ref> In 1872, Darwin published his book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', in which he extensively describes his observations of how people and animals display emotions on their faces and through sound.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Darwin|first1=Charles|title=The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals|orig-year=1872|year=1998|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|edition=3}}</ref> Darwin comments on amusement as an emotion of great joy during which a person is likely to laugh. He also notes that across all peoples humans can laugh until they are panting and tears roll down their cheeks. In the 1960s, [[Paul Ekman]], an American psychologist, revived the study of emotional expression, proposing, like Darwin, that emotions were universally recognizable.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ekman|first1=Paul|title=The argument and evidence about universals in facial expressions|journal=Handbook of Social Psychophysiology|date=1989|pages=143–164}}</ref> His early work focused on six basic emotions: [[happiness]], [[anger]], [[sadness]], [[fear]], [[disgust]], and [[surprise (emotion)|surprise]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V.|title=Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion|journal=Science|date=1969|volume=164|issue=3875|pages=86–88|doi=10.1126/science.164.3875.86|pmid=5773719|bibcode=1969Sci...164...86E |s2cid=16462814}}</ref> By the 1990s, Ekman had expanded this list to include several additional emotions, one of which was amusement.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ekman, P., & Rosenberg, E. L. (Eds.).|title=What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA.}}</ref>

Displays of amusement have been distinguished from related emotions like embarrassment and shame.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keltner|first1=Dacher|title=Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=1995|volume=68|issue=3|pages=441–454|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441|citeseerx=10.1.1.420.9278}}</ref> More recent studies have confirmed that laughter is a distinct signal of amusement and is recognizable across cultures.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Simon-Thomas, E. R.|author2=Keltner, D. J.|author3=Sauter, D.|author4=Sinicropi-Yao, L.|author5=Abramson, A.|name-list-style=amp|title=The voice conveys specific emotions: evidence from vocal burst displays|journal=Emotion|date=2009|volume=9 |issue=6|pages=838–846|doi=10.1037/a0017810|pmid=20001126|citeseerx=10.1.1.421.2565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Laukka, P.|author2=Elfenbein, H. A.|author3=Söder, N.|author4=Nordström, H.|author5=Althoff, J.|author6=Chui, W., ...|author7=Thingujam, N. S.|name-list-style=amp|title=Cross-cultural decoding of positive and negative non-linguistic emotion vocalizations.|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=2013|volume=4|pages=353|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00353|pmid=23914178|pmc=3728469|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P.|author2=Scott, S. K. (2010).|name-list-style=amp|title=Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2010|volume=107|issue=6|pages=2408–2412|doi=10.1073/pnas.0908239106|pmid=20133790|pmc=2823868|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2408S }}</ref>

=== Facial expression ===
An amused facial expression typically has these characteristics:<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Emotional Intelligence Quiz|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/quizzes/take_quiz/ei_quiz|website=Greater Good Science Center|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
*Head: Thrown back with jaw lifted
*Eyes: Crow's feet at the eyes indicating that the muscles have tightened
*Mouth: Open, jaw dropped with relaxed muscles

=== Vocal burst ===
The expression of amusement is usually accompanied by genuine laughter. The experience of laughter changes the breathing pattern and often causes all the muscles to relax.<ref name=":0" />