Editing Anger (section)

==Characteristics==
[[File:SERGI01rob-2.jpg|thumb|A visibly angered [[Washington Luís]], President of Brazil (back seat) leaving the [[Guanabara Palace]] after his overthrow during the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]] (October 24)]]
William DeFoore, an [[anger management]] writer, described anger as a pressure cooker, stating that "we can only suppress or apply pressure against our happy for so long before it erupts".<ref>{{cite book |title=Anger : Deal with It, Heal with It, Stop It from Killing You |url=https://archive.org/details/angerdealwithith00defo |url-access=registration |edition=1st |last=DeFoore |first=William |publisher=Health Communications, Inc. |year=1991|isbn=9781558741621 }}</ref>

One simple trichotomy of anger expression is ''passive anger'' versus ''aggressive anger'' versus ''assertive anger''. These three types of anger have some characteristic symptoms:<ref>{{cite web|title=APA PsycNet|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19065-001|access-date=2020-10-08|website=psycnet.apa.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224051/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19065-001|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Passive anger===
Passive anger can be expressed in the following ways:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Busch |first=Fredric N. |date=July 2009 |title=Anger and depression |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=271–278 |doi=10.1192/apt.bp.107.004937 |issn=1355-5146 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Apathy|Dispassion]]'', such as giving someone the [[cold shoulder]] or a fake smile, looking unconcerned or "[[sitting on the fence]]" while others sort things out, dampening feelings with [[substance abuse]], overreacting, oversleeping, not responding to another's anger, frigidity, indulging in sexual practices that depress spontaneity and make objects of participants, giving inordinate amounts of time to machines, objects or intellectual pursuits, talking of frustrations but showing no feeling.
* ''[[Evasion (ethics)|Evasiveness]]'', such as turning one's back in a crisis, avoiding conflict, not arguing back, becoming [[phobia|phobic]].
* ''[[Defeatism]]'', such as [[Setting up to fail|setting people up for failure]], choosing unreliable people to depend on, being [[Accident-proneness|accident prone]], [[Underachiever|underachieving]], [[erectile disfunction|sexual impotence]], expressing frustration at insignificant things but ignoring serious ones.
* ''[[Obsessive compulsive disorder|Obsessive behavior]]'', such as needing to be inordinately clean and tidy, making a habit of constantly checking things, over-dieting or overeating, demanding that all jobs be done perfectly.
* ''[[Psychological manipulation]]'', such as provoking people to aggression and then patronizing them, provoking aggression but staying on the sidelines, [[emotional blackmail]], [[Crocodile tears|false tearfulness]], feigning illness, [[sabotage|sabotaging]] [[Interpersonal relationship|relationships]], using [[promiscuity|sexual provocation]], using a third party to convey negative feelings, withholding money or resources.
* ''[[Secretive|Secretive behavior]]'', such as stockpiling resentments that are expressed behind people's backs, giving the [[silent treatment]] or under-the-breath mutterings, avoiding eye contact, putting people down, [[gossip]]ing, anonymous complaints, [[poison pen letter]]s, [[theft|stealing]], and [[confidence trick|conning]].
* ''[[Self-blame]]'', such as apologizing too often, being overly critical, inviting [[criticism]].

===Aggressive anger===
The symptoms of aggressive anger are:
* ''[[Bullying]]'', such as threatening people directly, persecuting, insulting, pushing or shoving, using power to oppress, shouting, driving someone off the road, playing on people's [[vulnerability|weaknesses]].
* ''Destruction'', such as destroying objects as in [[vandalism]], [[cruelty to animals|harming animals]], [[child abuse]], destroying a relationship, [[reckless driving]], [[substance abuse]].
* ''[[Grandiosity]]'', such as showing off, expressing [[mistrust]], not delegating, being a sore loser, wanting center stage all the time, not listening, talking over people's heads, expecting kiss and make-up sessions to solve problems.
* ''Hurtfulness'', such as [[violence]], including [[sexual abuse]], [[rape]], [[racism]], [[verbal abuse]], biased or [[vulgarity|vulgar jokes]], breaking confidence, using [[profanity|foul language]], [[apathy|ignoring people's feelings]], willfully [[discrimination|discriminating]], [[blame|blaming]], punishing people for unwarranted deeds, labeling others.
* ''Risk-taking behavior'', such as speaking too fast, walking too fast, driving too fast, reckless spending.
* ''[[Selfishness]]'', such as ignoring others' needs, not responding to requests for help, [[cutting in line|queue jumping]].
* ''[[Threat]]s'', such as [[intimidation|frightening people]] by saying how one could harm them, [[vandalism#Vandalism as crime|their property]] or their prospects, finger pointing, fist shaking, wearing clothes or symbols associated with violent behavior, [[tailgating]], [[road rage|excessively blowing a car horn]], slamming doors.
* ''Unjust [[blame|blaming]]'', such as accusing other people for one's own mistakes, blaming people for person's own feelings, making general accusations.
* ''[[Predictability|Unpredictability]]'', such as explosive rages over minor [[frustration]]s, attacking indiscriminately, dispensing unjust [[punishment]], inflicting harm on others for the sake of it, illogical arguments.
* ''[[revenge|Vengeance]]'', such as being over-punitive. This differs from retributive justice, as vengeance is personal, and possibly unlimited in scale.

===Assertive anger===
* ''[[Blame]]'', such as after a particular individual commits an action that's possibly frowned upon, the particular person will resort to scolding. This is in fact, common in discipline terms.
* ''[[Punishment (psychology)|Punishment]]'', the angry person will give a temporary punishment to an individual like further limiting a child's will to do anything they want like playing video games, watching television, etc., after they did something to cause trouble. Or disciplining a pet.
* ''Sternness'', such as calling out a person on their behaviour, with their voices raised with utter disapproval/disappointment.

===Six dimensions of anger expression===
Anger expression can take on many more styles than passive or aggressive. Ephrem Fernandez has identified six dimensions of anger expression. They relate to the direction of anger, its locus, reaction, modality, impulsivity, and objective. Coordinates on each of these dimensions can be connected to generate a profile of a person's anger expression style. Among the many profiles that are theoretically possible in this system, are the familiar profile of the person with explosive anger, profile of the person with repressive anger, profile of the [[passive aggressive]] person, and the profile of constructive anger expression.<ref>Fernandez, E. (2008). "The angry personality: A representation on six dimensions of anger expression". In G.J .Boyle, D. Matthews & D. Saklofske (eds.). ''International Handbook of Personality Theory and Testing: Vol. 2: Personality Measurement and Assessment'' (pp. 402–419). London: Sage</ref>

===Ethnicity and culture===
Much research has explored whether the emotion of anger is experienced and expressed differently depending on the culture. Matsumoto (2007) conducted a study in which White-American and Asian participants needed to express the emotions from a program called JACFEE (Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion) in order to determine whether Caucasian observers noticed any differences in expression of participants of a different nationality. He found that participants were unable to assign a nationality to people demonstrating expression of anger, i.e. they could not distinguish ethnic-specific expressions of anger.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Matsumoto | first1 = D | year = 2007 | title = Emotion judgments do not differ as a function of perceived nationality | journal = International Journal of Psychology | volume = 42 | issue = 3| pages = 207–214 | doi = 10.1080/00207590601050926 }}</ref> Hatfield, Rapson, and Le (2009) conducted a study that measured ethnic differences in emotional expression using participants from the Philippines, Hawaii, China, and Europe. They concluded that there was a difference between how someone expresses an emotion, especially the emotion of anger in people with different ethnicities, based on frequency, with Europeans showing the lowest frequency of expression of negative emotions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hatfield | first1 = E. C. | last2 = Rapson | first2 = R. L. | last3 = Le | first3 = Y. L. | year = 2009 | title = Ethnic and gender differences in emotional ideology, experience, and expression | journal = Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 30–57 | doi = 10.5964/ijpr.v3i1.31 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other research investigates anger within different ethnic groups who live in the same country. Researchers explored whether Black Americans experience and express greater anger than Whites (Mabry & Kiecolt, 2005). They found that, after controlling for sex and age, Black participants did not feel or express more anger than Whites.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mabry | first1 = J. B. | last2 = Kiecolt | first2 = K. J. | year = 2005 | title = Anger in Black and White: Race, alienation, and anger | journal = Journal of Health and Social Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 85–101 | doi = 10.1177/002214650504600107 | pmid = 15869122 | s2cid = 1575076 }}</ref> Deffenbacher and Swaim (1999) compared the expression of anger in Mexican American people and White non-Hispanic American people. They concluded that White non-Hispanic Americans expressed more verbal aggression than Mexican Americans, although when it came to physical aggression expressions there was no significant difference between both cultures when it came to anger.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Deffenbacher | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Swaim | first2 = R. C. | year = 1999 | title = Anger expression in Mexican American and White non-Hispanic adolescents | journal = Journal of Counseling Psychology | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 61–69 | doi = 10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.61 }}</ref>