Editing Animatronics (section)

=== Movement ===
[[Pneumatic]] actuators can be used for small animatronics but are not powerful enough for large designs and must be supplemented with [[hydraulic]]s. To create more realistic movement in large figures, an analog system is generally used to give the figures a full range of fluid motion rather than simple two position movements.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kornbluh|first1=Roy D|last2=Pelrine|first2=Ron|last3=Qibing|first3=Pei|last4=Heydt|first4=Richard|last5=Stanford|first5=Scott|last6=Oh|first6=Seajin|last7=Eckerle|first7=Joseph|title=Electroelastomers: applications of dielectric elastomer transducers for actuation, generation, and smart structures|journal=Smart Structures and Material|date=July 9, 2002|volume=Applications of Smart Structures Technologies|issue=254|pages=254|doi=10.1117/12.475072|url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=883273|ref=SPIE 4698|series=Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies|bibcode=2002SPIE.4698..254K|s2cid=110672457|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Mimicking the often-subtle displays of humans and other living creatures, and the associated movement is a challenging task when developing animatronics. One of the most common emotional models is the [[Facial Action Coding System]] (FACS) developed by Ekman and Friesen.<ref name=ekman>{{cite book|last1=Ekman|first1=Paul|last2=Friesen|first2=Wallace V.|title=Unmasking the face : a guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues|date=1975|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N. J.|isbn=9780139381751|edition=2. [pr.]|url=http://ohycirac.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/unmasking-the-face-a-guide-to-recognizing-emotions-from-facial-clues.pdf|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107232859/http://ohycirac.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/unmasking-the-face-a-guide-to-recognizing-emotions-from-facial-clues.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> FACS defines that through facial expression, humans can recognize six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Another theory is that of Ortony, Clore, and Collins, or the OCC model<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortony |first1=Andrew |last2=Clore |first2=Gerald L. |last3=Collins |first3=Allan |date=1988 |title=The Cognitive Structure of Emotions |url=http://www.cogsci.northwestern.edu/courses/cg207/readings/Cognitive_Structure_of_Emotions_exerpt.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Cambridge University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123055038/http://www.cogsci.northwestern.edu/courses/cg207/readings/Cognitive_Structure_of_Emotions_exerpt.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-23}}</ref> which defines 22 different emotional categories.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ribeiro|first1=Tiago|last2=Paiva|first2=Ana|title=The Illusion of Robotic Life|url=http://gaips.inesc-id.pt/~apaiva/Ana_Paiva_Site_2/Home_files/IllusionRoboticLive-HRI2012.pdf|access-date=9 August 2014|publisher=INESC-ID|location=Porto Salvo, Portugal|archive-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809183642/http://gaips.inesc-id.pt/~apaiva/Ana_Paiva_Site_2/Home_files/IllusionRoboticLive-HRI2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020 Disney revealed its new animatronics robot that can breathe, move its eyes very much like humans, and identify people around it in order to select "an appropriate" response, as opposed to previous Disney animatronics that were used in purely scripted, [[non-interactive]] situations, like [[theme park]] rides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney's new robot has a creepily human gaze |format=Video |website=CNN |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=4 Nov 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2020/11/02/disney-lifelike-robot-no-skin-orig.cnn-business/video/playlists/stories-worth-watching/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103231636/https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2020/11/02/disney-lifelike-robot-no-skin-orig.cnn-business/video/playlists/stories-worth-watching/ |url-status=live }}</ref>