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Anointing of the sick
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=== Roman Catholic Church === {{main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}} An extensive account of the teaching of the Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt2sect2chpt2art5.shtml| title = ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'', 1499–1532.}}</ref> Anointing of the Sick is one of the seven [[Sacraments (Catholic Church)|Sacraments]] recognized by the Catholic Church, and is associated with not only bodily healing but also forgiveness of sins. Only [[Holy Orders (Catholic Church)|ordained priests]] can administer it,<ref>"Every priest, but only a priest, can validly administer the anointing of the sick"[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3K.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 1003 搂1])</ref> and "any priest may carry the holy oil with him, so that in a case of necessity he can administer the sacrament of anointing of the sick."<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3K.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 1003 搂3])</ref> ====Sacramental graces==== <!--Will move to Catholic Specific Article--> The Catholic Church sees the effects of the sacrament as follows. As the sacrament of Marriage gives grace for the married state, the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick gives grace for the state into which people enter through sickness. Through the sacrament a gift of the Holy Spirit is given, that renews confidence and faith in God and strengthens against temptations to discouragement, despair and anguish at the thought of death and the struggle of death; it prevents from losing Christian hope in God's justice, truth and salvation. The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects: *the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ, for his own good and that of the whole Church; *the strengthening, peace, and courage to endure, in a Christian manner, the sufferings of illness or old age; *the forgiveness of sins, if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of penance; *the restoration of health, if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul; *the preparation for passing over to eternal life."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4N.HTM| title = Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1532}}</ref> ====Sacramental oil==== The duly blessed oil used in the sacrament is, as laid down in the Apostolic Constitution, Sacram unctionem infirmorum,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19721130_sacram-unctionem_en.html| title = Sacram unctionem infirmorum}}</ref> pressed from olives or from other plants.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4K.HTM| title = Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1513}}</ref> It is blessed by the bishop of the diocese at the [[Chrism]] Mass he celebrates on [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]] or on a day close to it. If oil blessed by the bishop is not available, the priest administering the sacrament may bless the oil, but only within the framework of the celebration.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3J.HTM| title = Code of Canon Law, canon 999}}</ref> ====Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite (1972)==== The [[Roman Rite]] Anointing of the Sick, as revised in 1972, puts greater stress than in the immediately preceding centuries on the sacrament's aspect of healing, primarily spiritual but also physical, and points to the place sickness holds in the normal life of Christians and its part in the redemptive work of the Church.<ref name=ODCC/> Canon law permits its administration to a Catholic who has reached the [[Person (Catholic canon law)#Age of reason|age of reason]] and is beginning to be put in danger by illness or old age,<ref>"The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age" ([http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3L.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 1004 搂1]).</ref> unless the person in question obstinately persists in a manifestly grave sin.<ref>Thus, it is a "sacrament of the living" meaning that one, unless unconscious, must be in the state of grace to receive it fruitfully. If a Catholic were to receive it in the state of mortal sin, it would be a [[sacrilege]]. However, the graces of the sacrament would revive once said person received [[absolution]] in the sacrament of [[penance]]. [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3L.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 1007]</ref> "If there is any doubt as to whether the sick person has reached the use of reason, or is dangerously ill, or is dead, this sacrament is to be administered".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3L.HTM| title = Code of Canon Law, canon 1005}}</ref> There is an obligation to administer it to the sick who, when they were in possession of their faculties, at least implicitly asked for it.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3L.HTM| title = Code of Canon Law, canon 1006}}</ref> A new illness or a renewal or worsening of the first illness enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3L.HTM| title = Code of Canon Law, canon 1004 搂2}}</ref> The ritual book on pastoral care of the sick provides three rites:<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 97</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}} anointing outside Mass,<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 111-130</ref> anointing within Mass,<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 131-148</ref> and anointing in a hospital or institution.<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 149-160</ref> The rite of anointing outside Mass begins with a greeting by the priest, followed by sprinkling of all present with holy water, if deemed desirable, and a short instruction.<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 115-117</ref> There follows a penitential act, as at the beginning of Mass.<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 118</ref> If the sick person wishes to receive the sacrament of penance, it is preferable that the priest make himself available for this during a previous visit; but if the sick person must confess during the celebration of the sacrament of anointing, this confession replaces the penitential rite<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 113</ref> A passage of Scripture is read, and the priest may give a brief explanation of the reading, a short litany is said, and the priest lays his hands on the head of the sick person and then says a prayer of thanksgiving over the already blessed oil or, if necessary, blesses the oil himself.<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 119-123</ref> The actual anointing of the sick person is done on the forehead, with the prayer: "Through this holy anointing may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit", and on the hands, with the prayer "May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up". To each prayer the sick person, if able, responds: "Amen."<ref name="Pastoral Care of the Sick, 124">Pastoral Care of the Sick, 124</ref> It is permitted, in accordance with local culture and traditions and the condition of the sick person, to anoint other parts of the body in addition, such as the area of pain or injury, but without repeating the sacramental form.<ref name="Pastoral Care of the Sick, 124"/> In case of emergency, a single anointing, if possible but not absolutely necessary if not possible on the forehead, is sufficient.<ref>Pastoral Care of the Sick, 23</ref> ====Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite==== From the early [[Middle Ages]] until after the Second Vatican Council the sacrament was administered, within the [[Latin Church]], only when [[death]] was approaching and, in practice, bodily recovery was not ordinarily looked for,<ref name=ODCC/> giving rise, as mentioned above to the name "Extreme Unction" (i.e. final anointing). The extraordinary form of the Roman Rite includes anointing of seven parts of the body while saying in Latin: {{blockquote|{{verse translation|lang1=la|Per istam sanctam Uncti贸nem et suam piisimam miseric贸rdiam, ind煤lgeat tibi D贸minus quidquid per (visum, auditorum, odor谩tum, gustum et locuti贸nem, tactum, gressum, lumborum delectationem) deliquisti. |Through this holy unction and His own most tender mercy may the Lord pardon thee whatever sins thou hast committed by (sight, hearing, smell, taste and speech, touch, walking, carnal pleasure).}}}} The last phrase was chosen to correspond to the part of the body that was touched. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia explains that "the unction of the loins is generally, if not universally, omitted in English-speaking countries, and it is of course everywhere forbidden in case of women".<ref name=CE/> Anointing in the extraordinary form is still permitted under the conditions mentioned in article 9 of the 2007 {{lang|la|italic=unset|[[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]''}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html| title = Summorum Pontificum, art. 9| access-date = 2008-06-15| archive-date = 2012-10-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043928/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> In the case of necessity when only a single anointing on the forehead is possible, it suffices for valid administration of the sacrament to use the shortened form: {{blockquote|{{verse translation|lang1=la|Per istam sanctam unctionem indulgeat tibi Dominus, quidquid deliquisti. Amen. |Through this holy anointing, may the Lord pardon thee whatever sins thou hast committed. Amen.}}}} When it becomes opportune, all the anointings are to be supplied together with their respective forms for the integrity of the sacrament. If the [[Conditional sacrament|sacrament is conferred conditionally]], for example, if a person is unconscious, {{lang|la|Si es capax}} ("if you are capable") is added to the beginning of the form, not {{lang|la|Si dispositus es}} ("if you are disposed"). In doubt if the soul has left the body through death, the priest adds, {{lang|la|Si vivis}} ("if you are alive"). ====Other Western historical forms==== Liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, both Western and Eastern, other than the Roman, have a variety of other forms for celebrating the sacrament. For example, according to Giovanni Diclich who cites De Rubeis, {{lang|la|De Ritibus vestutis}} &c. cap. 28 p. 381, the [[Aquileian Rite]], also called {{lang|la|Rito Patriarchino}}, had twelve anointings, namely, of the head, forehead, eyes, ears, nose, lips, throat, chest, heart, shoulders, hands, and feet. The form used to anoint is the first person plural indicative, except for the anointing on the head which could be either in the first person singular or plural.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diclich |first=Giovanni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzxXAAAAcAAJ&q=Rito+veneto+antico+detto+Patriarchino |title=Rito Veneto Antico detto Patriarchino illustrato |date=1823 |publisher=Vincenzo Rizzi |language=it}}</ref> For example, the form is given as: {{blockquote|{{verse translation|lang1=la|Ungo caput tuum Oleo benedicto + in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. ''Vel'' Ungimus caput tuum Oleo divinitus sanctificato + in nomine Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis ut more militis praeparatus ad luctamen, possis aereas superare catervas: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. |I anoint your head with blessed Oil + in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. ''Or'' We anoint your head with divinely sanctified Oil + in the name of the Holy and Undivided Trinity so that prepared for the conflict in the way of a soldier, you might be able to overcome the aereal throng: through Christ our Lord. Amen.}}}} The other anointings all mention an anointing with oil and are all made "through Christ our Lord", and "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit", except the anointing of the heart which, as in the second option for anointing of the head, is "in the name of the Holy and Undivided Trinity". The Latin forms are as follows: {{blockquote|{{lang|la|(Ad frontem) Ungimus frontem tuam Oleo sancto in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, in remissionem omnium peccatorum; ut sit tibi haec unction sanctificationis ad purificationem mentis et corporis; ut non lateat in te spiritus immundus neque in membris, neque in medullis, neque in ulla compagine membrorum: sed habitet in te virtus Christi Altissimi et Spiritus Sancti: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad oculos) Ungimus oculos tuos Oleo sanctificato, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti: ut quidquid illicito visu deliquisti, hac unctione expietur per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad aures) Ungimus has aures sacri Olei liquore in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti: ut quidquid peccati delectatione nocivi auditus admissum est, medicina hac spirituali evacuetur: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad nares) Ungimus has nares Olei hujus liquore in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti: ut quidquid noxio vapore contractum est, vel odore superfluo, ista evacuet unctio vel medicatio: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad labia) Ungimus labia ista consecrati Olei medicamento, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti: ut quidquid otiose, vel etiam crimnosa peccasti locutione, divina clementia miserante expurgetur: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad guttur) Ungimus te in gutture Oleo sancto in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, ut non lateat in te spiritus immundus, neque in membris, neque in medullis, neque in ulla compagine membrorum: sed habitet in te virtus Christi Altissimi et Spiritus Sancti:quatenus per hujus operationem mysterii, et per hanc sacrati Olei unctionem, atque nostrum deprecationem virtute Sanctae Trinitatis medicates, sive fotus; pristinam, et meliorem percipere merearis sanitatem: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad pectus) Ungimus pectus tuum Oleo divinitus sanctificato in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, ut hac unctione pectoris fortiter certare valeas adversus aereas potestates: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad cor) Ungimus locum cordis Oleo divinitus sanctificato, coelesti munere nobis attributo, in nomine Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis, ut ipsa interius exteriusque te sanando vivificet, quae universum ne pereat continent: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad scapulas) Ungimus has scapulas, sive in medio scapularum Oleo sacrato, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, ut ex omni parte spirituali protectione munitus, jacula diabolici impetus viriliter contemnere, ac procul possis cum robore superni juvaminis repellere: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad manus) Ungimus has manus Oleo sacro, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, ut quidquid illicito opera, vel noxio peregerunt, per hanc sanctam unctionem evacuetur: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Ad pedes) Ungimus hos pedes Oleo benedicto, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, ut quidquid superfluo, vel nocivo incessu commiserunt, ista aboleat perunctio: per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.}}}}
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