Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

== History ==
=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
==== Degeneracy thesis ====
In the mid- to late-eighteenth century, a theory emerged among some European intellectuals which stated that the landmasses of the [[New World]] were inherently inferior to that of Europe. Proponents of the so-called "degeneracy thesis" held the view that climatic extremes, humidity and other atmospheric conditions in America physically weakened both men and animals.<ref name=hatingamerica>{{cite book |first=Barry |last=Rubin |author-link=Barry Rubin |author2=Rubin, Judith Colp |title=Hating America: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-530649-X}}</ref>{{rp|3–19}} American author [[James W. Ceaser]] and French author Philippe Roger have interpreted this theory as "a kind of prehistory of anti-Americanism"<ref name=Ceaser>{{cite journal | url=http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html | title=A genealogy of anti-Americanism | author=Ceaser, James W. | journal=[[The Public Interest]] | date=Summer 2003 | access-date=3 May 2005 | archive-date=22 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222050520/http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Granthem>{{cite journal | last =Grantham | first =Bill |date=Summer 2003 | title =Brilliant Mischief: The French on Anti-Americanism | journal =[[World Policy Journal]] | volume =20 | issue =2 | pages =95–101 | doi =10.1215/07402775-2003-3011 |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html|access-date=16 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430075751/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html| archive-date = 30 April 2008| url-access =subscription }}</ref> and have (in the words of Philippe Roger) been a historical "constant" since the 18th century, or again an endlessly repetitive "semantic block". Others, like [[Jean-François Revel]], have examined what lay hidden behind this 'fashionable' ideology.<ref>Denis Lacorne, [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf ANTI-AMERICANISM AND AMERICANOPHOBIA : A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524043828/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf |date=24 May 2011 }}, March 2005.</ref> Purported evidence for the idea included the smallness of [[Fauna of the United States|American fauna]], dogs that ceased to bark, and venomous plants;<ref name=Meunier>{{cite web | last =Meunier | first =Sophie | author-link =Sophie Meunier | date =March 2005 | title =Anti-Americanism in France | publisher =[[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]], [[Princeton University]] | url =http://www.jhfc.duke.edu/ducis/GlobalEquity/pdfs/Meunier.pdf | access-date =18 May 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080527224611/http://www.jhfc.duke.edu/ducis/GlobalEquity/pdfs/Meunier.pdf | archive-date =27 May 2008 }}</ref> one theory put forth was that the New World had emerged from the [[Biblical flood]] later than the [[Old World]].<ref name=Popkin>{{cite journal|last=Popkin |first=Richard H. |date=January 1978 |title=The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900 (review) |journal=[[Journal of the History of Philosophy]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_philosophy/v016/16.1popkin.pdf |access-date=27 May 2008 |quote=Jefferson, who was U.S. ambassador to Paris after the Revolution, was pushed by the rampant anti-Americanism of some of the French intellectuals to publish the only book of his that appeared in his lifetime, the [[Notes on Virginia]] (1782–1784) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528141305/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_the_history_of_philosophy%2Fv016%2F16.1popkin.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=live |doi=10.1353/hph.2008.0035 |s2cid=147006780 }}</ref> [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] were also held to be feeble, small, and without ardor.<ref name=Goldstein>{{cite web |first=James A. |last=Goldstein |url=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=rwu/rwufp |title=Aliens in the Garden |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=nellco.org (Posted with permission of the author) |work=Roger Williams University School of Law Faculty Papers }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The theory was originally proposed by [[Comte de Buffon]], a leading French naturalist, in his ''[[Histoire Naturelle]]'' (1766).<ref name=Goldstein/> The French writer [[Voltaire]] joined Buffon and others in making the argument.<ref name=Meunier/> [[Dutch Republic|Dutchman]] [[Cornelius de Pauw]], court philosopher to [[Frederick II of Prussia]] became its leading proponent.<ref name=Ceaser/> While Buffon focused on the American biological environment, de Pauw attacked the people who were native to the continent.<ref name=Popkin/> James Ceaser has noted that the denunciation of America as inferior to Europe was partially motivated by the German government's fear of mass [[emigration]]; de Pauw was called upon to convince the Germans that the new world was inferior. De Pauw is also known to have influenced the philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] in a similar direction.<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Brendan|last1 = O'Connor|last2 = Griffiths|first2 = Martin|title = Anti-Americanism – Historical Perspectives|year = 2007|page = 8| publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn = 9781846450259|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8|access-date = 8 November 2020|archive-date = 26 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8|url-status = live}}</ref>

De Pauw said that the New World was unfit for human habitation because it was, "so ill-favored by nature that all it contains is either degenerate or monstrous". He asserted that, "the earth, full of putrefaction, was flooded with lizards, snakes, serpents, reptiles and insects". Taking a long-term perspective, he announced that he was, "certain that the conquest of the New World...has been the greatest of all misfortunes to befall mankind."<ref>C. Vann Woodward, ''The Old World's New World'' (1991) p 6</ref>

The theory made it easier for its proponents to argue that the natural environment of the United States would prevent it from ever producing a true culture. Echoing de Pauw, the [[Encyclopédie|French Encyclopedist]] [[Abbé Raynal]] wrote in 1770, "America has not yet produced a good poet, an able mathematician, one man of genius in a single art or a single science".<ref>{{cite book|author=James W. Ceaser|title=Reconstructing America: The Symbol of America in Modern Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26|year=1997|publisher=Yale U.P.|page=26. Note: Ceaser writes in his endnote to this sentence (p. 254), that "...in later editions of his work, Raynal exempted North America, but not South America, from this criticism"|isbn=0300084536|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> The theory was debated and rejected by early American thinkers such as [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]; Jefferson, in his ''[[Notes on the State of Virginia]]'' (1781), provided a detailed rebuttal of de Buffon from a scientific point of view.<ref name=Ceaser/> Hamilton also vigorously rebuked the idea in [[Federalist No. 11]] (1787).<ref name=Goldstein/>

One critic, citing Raynal's ideas, suggests that it was specifically extended to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that would become the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Danzer | first =Gerald A. |date=February 1974 | title =Has the Discovery of America Been Useful or Hurtful to Mankind? Yesterday's Questions and Today's Students | journal =The History Teacher | volume =7 | issue =2 |pages=192–206| doi =10.2307/491792 | jstor =491792}}</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2014<!-- is the critic spoken of here Gerald Danzer, or someone (perhaps Jeremy Bellknap, perhaps someone else) of whom Professor Danzer writes in the paper? Where in the paper is the idea "specifically extended to the English colonies that would become the United States"?-->}}

Roger suggests that the idea of degeneracy posited a symbolic, as well as a scientific, America that would evolve beyond the original thesis. He argues that Buffon's ideas formed the root of a "stratification of negative discourses" that has recurred throughout the history of the two countries' relationship (and been matched by persistent [[Francophobia]] in the United States).<ref name=Granthem/>

==== Culture ====
{{2018 Eurobarometer - Positive views on the U.S. influence in the EU}}

According to Brendan O'Connor, some Europeans criticized Americans for lacking "taste, grace and civility," and having a brazen and arrogant character.<ref name="OConnor"/> British author [[Frances Trollope]] observed in her 1832 book ''[[Domestic Manners of the Americans]]'', that the greatest difference between the [[English people|English]] and [[Americans]] was "want of refinement", explaining: "that polish[,] which removes the coarser and rougher parts of our nature[,] is unknown and undreamed of" in America.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trollope|first=Fanny|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html|title=Domestic Manners of the Americans|date=2003-11-30|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|access-date=2019-06-28|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225210915/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html|url-status=live}}<br />
Also reprinted in 2004 as:

* {{Cite book|last=Trollope|first=Fanny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC|title=Domestic Manners of the Americans|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4191-1638-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21 21]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ISBN|1-4191-1638-X}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-1638-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Trollope|first1=Fanny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21|title=Domestic Manners Of The Americans|last2=Trollope|first2=Frances Milton|date=2004-06-01|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9781419116384|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21|archive-date=2016-01-05}}<!--This is probably the intended archived URL, but it fails to display the pages:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130619085547/https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage
--></ref><ref name="Rubin">{{cite web |last=Rubin |first=Judy |title=The Five Stages of Anti-Americanism |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Institute |date=4 September 2004 |url= http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html |access-date=15 May 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201350/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> According to one source, her account "succeeded in angering Americans more than any book written by a foreign observer before or since".<ref name="Michael Shea 1986">David Frost and Michael Shea (1986) ''The Rich Tide: Men, Women, Ideas and Their Transatlantic Impact''. London, Collins: 239</ref> English writer [[Frederick Marryat|Captain Marryat]]'s critical account in his ''Diary in America, with Remarks on Its Institutions'' (1839) also proved controversial, especially in [[Detroit]] where an effigy of the author, along with his books, was burned.<ref name="Michael Shea 1986"/> Other writers critical of American culture and manners included the bishop [[Talleyrand]] in France and [[Charles Dickens]] in England.<ref name="OConnor"/> Dickens' novel ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' (1844) is a ferocious satire on American life.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|42}}

Sources of American resentment are evident following the [[Revolutions of 1848]] and the ensuing European class struggles. In 1869, after a visit to his country of birth, the Swedish immigrant, [[Hans Mattson]] observed that, <blockquote>"...the ignorance, prejudice and hatred toward America and everything pertaining to it among the aristocracy, and especially the office holders, was as unpardonable as it was ridiculous. It was claimed by them that all was humbug in America, that it was the paradise of scoundrels, cheats, and rascals, and that nothing good could possibly come out of it."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Cynthia Nelson |last2=Barton |first2=H. Arnold |date=1996 |title=A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840-1940. |journal=International Migration Review |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=823 |doi=10.2307/2547650 |jstor=2547650 |s2cid=161744379 |issn=0197-9183|url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/7161/ |url-access=subscription }}</ref> </blockquote>After seven years in the US, [[Ernst Skarstedt]], a graduate of Lund University and native Swede, returned to Sweden in 1885. He complained that, in upper-class circles, if he "told something about America, it could happen that in reply (he) was informed that this could not possibly be so or that the matter was better understood in Sweden."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engberg |first=Martin J. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.34599 |title=Svensk-amerikanska hönsboken : handledning i skötseln af höns, ankor, gäss, kalkoner, pärlhöns och påfåglar: utarbetad efter senaste och tillförlitligaste amerikanska metoder |date=1903 |publisher=Engberg-Holmberg Pub. Co |location=Chicago|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.34599 }}</ref>  The dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886 solidified The "[[The New Colossus|New Colossus]]" as a beacon to the "huddled masses" and their rejection of the "storied pomp" of the old world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=John T. |title=Ellis Island: immigration's shining center |date=2003 |publisher=Arcadia |isbn=978-0-7385-2428-3 |location=Charleston, SC |oclc=53967006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Auster |first=Paul |title=Collected prose: autobiographical writings, true stories, critical essays, prefaces, and collaborations with artists |date=2005 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-312-42468-8 |location=New York |oclc=57694273}}</ref> 

[[Simon Schama]] observed in 2003: "By the end of the nineteenth century, the stereotype of the [[Ugly American (pejorative)|ugly American]] – voracious, preachy, mercenary, and bombastically chauvinist – was firmly in place in Europe".<ref name="Schama">{{cite magazine |last=Schama |first=Simon |title=The Unloved American |magazine=The New Yorker |date=10 March 2003 |url= https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact |access-date=23 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080619033559/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> O'Connor suggests that such prejudices were rooted in an idealized image of European refinement and that the notion of high European culture pitted against American vulgarity has not disappeared.<ref name="OConnor" />

==== Politics and ideology ====
The young United States also faced criticism on political and ideological grounds. Ceaser argues that the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] strain of European thought and literature, hostile to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] view of [[reason]] and obsessed with history and national character, disdained the [[Rationalism|rationalistic]] American project. The German poet [[Nikolaus Lenau]] commented: "With the expression ''Bodenlosigkeit'' (absence of ground), I think I am able to indicate the general character of all American institutions; what we call Fatherland is here only a property insurance scheme". Ceaser argues in his essay that such comments often repurposed the language of degeneracy, and the prejudice came to focus solely on the United States and not Canada nor Mexico.<ref name="Ceaser"/> Lenau had [[Immigration to the United States|immigrated]] to the United States in 1833 and found that the country did not live up to his ideals, leading him to return to Germany the following year. His experiences in the U.S. were the subject of a novel titled ''The America-exhaustion'' (''Der Amerika-Müde'') (1855) by fellow German [[Ferdinand Kürnberger]].<ref>''The Reader's Encyclopedia'' (1974) edited by William Rose Bennet: 556</ref>

The nature of American [[democracy]] was also questioned. The sentiment was that the country lacked "[a] monarch, aristocracy, strong traditions, official religion, or rigid class system," according to Judy Rubin, and its democracy was attacked by some Europeans in the early nineteenth century as degraded, a travesty, and a failure.<ref name="Rubin"/> The [[French Revolution]], which was loathed by many European conservatives, also implicated the United States and the idea of creating a constitution on abstract and universal principles.<ref name="Ceaser"/> That the country was intended to be a bastion of liberty was also seen as fraudulent given that it had been established with [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="Schama"/> "How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?" asked [[Samuel Johnson]] in 1775.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staples |first=Brent |title=Give Us Liberty |work=The New York Times |date=4 June 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/review/04staples.html |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306221901/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EFDA113EF937A35755C0A9609C8B63&sec=&spon= |url-status=live }}</ref> He famously stated, that "I am willing to love all mankind, except an American".<ref name="Rubin"/>

=== 20th century ===

==== Intellectuals ====
[[File:Vreeswijk Akerstrom Cervin 1965.jpg|thumb|Protest march against the [[Vietnam War]] in Stockholm, Sweden, 1965]]
[[Sigmund Freud]] was vehemently anti-American. Historian [[Peter Gay]] says that in "slashing away at Americans wholesale; quite indiscriminately, with imaginative ferocity, Freud was ventilating some inner need". Gay suggests that Freud's anti-Americanism was not really about the United States at all.<ref>{{cite book|author=C. Vann Woodward|title=The Old World's New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|year=1992|page=33|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199879144|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous authors went on the attack. French writer [[Louis-Ferdinand Celine]] denounced the United States. German poet [[Rainer Marie Rilke]] wrote, "I no longer love Paris, partly because it is disfiguring and [[Americanization|Americanizing]] itself".<ref name="C. Vann Woodward 1992 34">{{cite book|author=C. Vann Woodward|title=The Old World's New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|year=1992|page=34|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199879144|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Communist critiques ====
Until its demise in 1991, the [[Soviet Union]] and other [[Communist state|communist nations]] emphasized [[capitalism]] as the great enemy of [[communism]], and identified the United States as the leader of capitalism. They sponsored anti-Americanism among followers and sympathizers. Russell A. Berman notes that in the mid-19th century, "[[Karl Marx|Marx]] himself largely admired the dynamism of American capitalism and democracy and did not participate in the anti-Americanism that came to be the hallmark of Communist ideology in the twentieth century".<ref>{{cite book|author=Russell A. Berman|title=Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|year=2004|publisher=Hoover Press|page=58|isbn=9780817945121|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|url-status=live}}</ref> O'Connor argues that, "communism represented the starkest version of anti-Americanism – a coherent world view that challenged the [[free market]], private property, [[limited government]], and [[individualism]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Brendan O'Conner|title=The Rise of Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|page=183|isbn=9780203028780|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref>
The USA was and is heavily criticised by contemporary socialist nations and movements for [[American imperialism| imperialism]], especially as a reaction to [[United States involvement in regime change]]. In the [[DPRK]] for example, Anti-Americanism comes not only from ideological opposition to the USA and its actions, but also as a result of [[allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War]] and [[bombing of North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let's go back to the Korean War. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/17/why-does-north-korea-hate-the-united-states-lets-go-back-to-the-korean-war/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>

Authors in the [[Western world|West]], such as [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] criticized the U.S. and reached a large audience, especially on the left.<ref name="C. Vann Woodward 1992 34"/> In his ''Anti-Americanism'' (2003), French writer [[Jean François Revel]] argues that anti-Americanism emerges primarily from [[anti-capitalism]], and this critique also comes from non-communist, totalitarian regimes.

America was criticised and denounced by Communists such as [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]] during the Russian Civil War. Galiev particularly emphasised native genocide of America and the institution of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |title=Archived copy |website=anti-imperialism.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112952/https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 }}</ref> American treatment of minority groups such as natives and African-Americans would go on to be a continued point of opposition and criticism to the USA [[And you are lynching Negroes|throughout the 20th century]].

The [[East Germany|East German]] regime imposed an official anti-American ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. Anyone who expressed support for the West would be investigated by the [[Stasi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} The official line followed [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s theory of [[imperialism]] as the highest and last stage of capitalism, and in [[Georgi Dimitrov|Dimitrov]]'s theory of [[fascism]] as the dictatorship of the most [[reactionary]] elements of [[finance capitalism|financial capitalism]]. The official party line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. It was now the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on [[Wall Street]]".<ref>Rainer Schnoor, "The Good and the Bad America: Perceptions of the United States in the GDR," in Detlef Junker, et al. eds. ''The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 2: 1968–1990''  (2004)  pp 618–626, quotation on page 619.</ref> East Germans were told they had a heroic role to play as a front-line against the Americans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} However, Western media outlets such as the American [[Radio Free Europe]] broadcasts, and [[West Germany|West German]] media may have limited Anti-Americanism. The official communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and [[rock and roll]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==== Fascist critiques ====
{{Further|Melting pot}}
Drawing on the ideas of [[Arthur de Gobineau]] (1816–1882), [[Fascism in Europe|European fascists]] decried the supposed degenerating effect of [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] on the [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|racial mix]] of the American population. The [[Nazism|Nazi]] philosopher [[Alfred Rosenberg]] argued that race mixture in the United States made it inferior to racially pure nations.<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–2}}

[[Anti-Semitism]] was another factor in these critiques. The view that the U.S. was controlled by a [[Zionist Occupied Government|Jewish conspiracy]] through a [[Jewish lobby]] was common in countries ruled by fascists before and during [[World War II]].<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–7}} Jews, the assumed puppet masters behind supposed American plans for world domination, were also seen as using jazz in a crafty plan to eliminate racial distinctions;<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–7}} [[Adolf Hitler]] dismissed the threat of the United States as a credible enemy of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] because of its incoherent racial mix; he saw Americans as a "mongrel race", "half-Judaized" and "half-Negrified".<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|94–7}}

In an address to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] on 11 December 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States and lambasted U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]:

{{blockquote|He [Roosevelt] was strengthened in this [political diversion] by the circle of Jews surrounding him, who, with Old Testament-like fanaticism, believe that the United States can be the instrument for preparing another [[Purim]] for the European nations that are becoming increasingly [[anti-Semitic]]. It was the Jew, in his full Satanic vileness, who rallied around this man [Roosevelt], but to whom this man also reached out.<ref>Saul Friedlander (2008) ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945''. London, Phoenix: 279</ref>}}In 1944, as war was basically lost, the SS published a virulent article in their weekly ''Das Schwarze Korps'' titled "Danger of Americanism" which criticized and characterized the American [[entertainment industry]], as it was thought to be owned by the Jews: "Americanism is a splendid method of depoliticization. The Jews have used [[jazz]] and [[Film|movies]], magazines and smut, [[gangsterism]] and [[free love]], and every perverse desire, to keep the American people so distracted that they pay no attention to their own fate".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Danger of Americanism|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm|access-date=2021-10-31|website=research.calvin.edu|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019232829/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Landa|first=Ishay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307|title=Fascism and the Masses: The Revolt Against the Last Humans, 1848-1945|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-17997-3|language=en|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031050706/https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== "Liberators" poster =====
[[File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|1944]] [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|German propaganda]] poster aimed at the Dutch, from a Norwegian World War II poster by [[Harald Damsleth]]]]

The "Liberators" poster that was distributed by the Nazis to a Dutch audience in 1944 displays multiple elements of anti-American attitudes promoted by the Nazis. The title ''Liberators'' refers to a common Allied justification for attacking Germany (and possibly the American [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers as well), and the poster depicts this "liberation" as the destruction of European cities. The artist was [[Harald Damsleth]], a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] who worked for the [[Nasjonal Samling|NS]] in [[German occupation of Norway|occupied Norway]].
<!-- NOTE: The list below originated in a mostly cite-supported list on the image description page at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg. There has been some subsequent editing of the list here, but the list here, as of September 2019, is still generally representative of the list it was drawn from -->

Motifs contained in this poster include:

* The decadence of [[beauty pageant]]s (scantily-clad "[[Miss America]]" and "Miss Victory", "The World's Most Beautiful Leg") – or more generally, the putative sexual laxness of American women. The "[[Miss America]]" beauty pageant in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]] had expanded during the war and was used to sell [[war bond]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Susan Dworkin|title=Miss America, 1945: Bess Myerson and the Year That Changed Our Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97|year=1999|publisher=Newmarket Press|pages=97–98|isbn=9781557043818|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gangsterism and [[Gun violence in the United States|gun violence]] (the arm of an escaped convict holding a [[Thompson submachine gun|submachine gun]]). Gangsterism had become a theme of anti-Americanism in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Philippe Roger|title=The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism|url=https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=U. of Chicago Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge/page/346 346]|isbn=9780226723686}}</ref>
* Anti-black violence (a [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]] noose, a [[Ku Klux Klan]] hood). The lynching of blacks had attracted European denunciations by the 1890s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Noralee Frankel|author2=Nancy Schrom Dye|title=Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156|year=1991|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page=156|isbn=0813127823|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Stephan|title=The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanization After 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=104|isbn=9781845450854|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref>
* General violence of American society, in addition to the above (boxing-glove which grasps the money-bag). The theme of a violent American frontier was well known in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jason Pierce|title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91|year=2008|page=91|isbn=9780549963516|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Americans as Indian savages and as a mockery of American genocide over Natives as well as land-theft, since it is a chieftain symbol here used as a fashion trinket. ("Miss America" wears plains-Indian head-dress).
* The capitalism, pure [[materialism]] and [[commercialism]] of America, to the detriment of any spirit or soul (money bag with "$" symbol). The materialism of America contrasted with the spiritual depth of European high culture is a common trope, especially in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Ekman Jørgensen|title=Transformations and Crises: The Left and the Nation in Denmark and Sweden, 1956–1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66|year=2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|pages=66–67|isbn=9781845453664|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Anti-semitism appears in most Nazi-generated images of America. A Jewish banker is seen behind the money.
* The presence of [[African Americans|blacks in America]] equals its "mongrelization", adding undesirably "primitive" elements to American popular culture, and constituting a potential danger to the white race (a stereotypically-caricatured black couple dancing the "[[Jitterbug]] – Triumph of Civilization" in birdcage, which is portrayed as a degraded animalistic ritual). The degradation of culture, especially through [[miscegenation]], resonated with European anxieties, especially in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Frank Trommler|author2=Elliott Shore|title=The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=275|isbn=9781571812902|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Decadence of American popular culture, and its pernicious influence on the rest of the world (dancing of jitterbug, hand holds phonograph record, figure of a European gullible "all-ears" dupe in lower foreground). The growing popularity of American music and dancing among young people had ignited a "[[moral panic]]" among conservative Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1950, prosperity and welfare. 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406|year=2004|publisher=Uitgeverij Van Gorcum|page=406|isbn=9789023239666|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indiscriminate [[United States war crimes|U.S. military violence]] (bloodied bomb for foot, metal legs, military aircraft wings), threatening the European cultural landmarks at lower right.
** Hence the suggested falsity of American claims to be "Liberators" (the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Liberator]] was also the name of a U.S. bomber plane).
* Nazis denounced American [[jingoism]] and war fervor (a business-suited arm literally "beating the drum" of militarism, "Miss Victory" and her drum-majorette cap and boots).<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel D. G. Heath|title=The American Poet: Weedpatch Gazette for 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132|year=2009|publisher=iUniverse|page=132|isbn=9781440139581|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The malevolent influence of American [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] (Masonic apron descending from drum) was a theme among conservative [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], as in [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Preston|title=Franco: a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=BasicBooks|page=[https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres/page/324 324]|isbn=9780465025152}}</ref>
* Demonization of national symbols of the United States ("Miss Victory" waves the reverse side of 48-star U.S. flag, and the [[:Image:USAAC Roundel.svg|WW2-era Army Air Corps roundel]] – of small red disk within white star on large blue disk – is shown on one of the wings).

=== 21st century ===
==== September 11 attacks ====
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|right|[[9/11]]: [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] twin towers on fire]]
In a book called ''The Rise of Anti-Americanism'', published in 2006, Brendon O'Connor and Martin Griffiths said that the [[September 11 attacks]] were "quintessential anti-American acts, which satisfy all of the competing definitions of Anti-Americanism".<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Griffiths|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA21 21]}}</ref> They ask, "If 9/11 can be construed as the exemplar of anti-Americanism at work, does it make much sense to imply that all anti-Americans are complicit with terrorism?"<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Griffiths|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA3 3]}}</ref> Most leaders in Islamic countries, including Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Ba'athist Iraq]] was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their [[crimes against humanity]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=12 September 2001 |access-date=30 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref>

Europe was highly sympathetic to the United States after the 9/11 attack. [[NATO]] unanimously supported the United States, treating an attack on the U.S. as an attack on all of them after [[NATO Article 5|Article 5]] of the [[North Atlantic Treaty|NATO treaty]] was invoked for the very first time. NATO and American troops [[American occupation of Afghanistan|entered Afghanistan]]. When the United States decided to [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invade and overthrow the Iraqi regime in 2003]], it won some support in Europe, especially from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], but also intense opposition, led by the [[Government of Germany|German]] and [[Government of France|French governments]]. [[Konrad Jarausch]] argues that there was still fundamental agreement on such basic issues of support for democracy and [[human rights]]. However, there emerged a growing gap between an American "[[Libertarianism|libertarian]], individualistic, market outlook, and the more [[Statism|statist]], [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]], [[welfare spending|welfare]] mentality in Europe."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Konrad|last=Jarausch|title=Out of Ashes: A new history of Europe in the 20th century|date=2015|pages=759–60}}</ref>

==== U.S. computer technology ====
A growing dimension of anti-Americanism is fear of the pervasiveness of U.S. Internet technology.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} This can be traced from the very first computers which were either British ([[Colossus computer|Colossus]]) or German ([[Z1 (computer)|Z1]]) through to the [[World Wide Web]] itself (invented by Englishman [[Tim Berners-Lee]]). In all these cases the U.S. has commercialized all these innovations.

Americanization has advanced through widespread [[high speed Internet]] and smart phone technology since 2008 and a large fraction of the new apps and hardware were designed in the United States. In Europe, there is growing concern about excessive Americanization through Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple and Uber, among many other U.S. Internet-based corporations. European governments have increasingly expressed concern regarding privacy issues, as well as antitrust and taxation issues regarding the new American giants. There is fear that they are significantly [[Tax evasion|evading taxes]], and posting information that may violate European privacy laws.<ref>See "Google under fire in Europe over user privacy concerns" [https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html ''Toronto Star '' 8 April 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053056/https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2015 reported "deep concerns in Europe's highest policy circles about the power of U.S. technology companies."<ref>Tom Fairless, "Europe's Digital Czar Slams Google, Facebook," [https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664 ''Wall Street Journal'' 24 Feb. 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708170812/https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664 |date=8 July 2017 }}</ref>

==== Mitigation of anti-Americanism ====
Sometimes developments help neutralize anti-Americanism. In 2015, the [[United States Department of Justice]] went on the attack against corruption at [[FIFA]], arresting many top world [[Association football|soccer]] leaders long suspected of bribery and corruption. In this case the U.S. government's self-defined role as "policeman of the world" won widespread international support.<ref>Noah Barkin, "World's policeman wins rare applause for FIFA crackdown," [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528 ''Reuters'' 28 May 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017222304/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/28/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528 |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

==== Second Trump administration ====
{{Main|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland#Second presidency}}
{{See also|2025 United States boycott|Anti-Trump protests|China-United States trade war}}
President Trump's suggestion that [[Canada]] should become "America's 51st state" sparked widespread anger among Canadians.<ref name="i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/12/i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading|title='I feel utter anger': From Canada to Europe, a movement to boycott US goods is spreading|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|work=The Guardian |date=March 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe">{{Cite web|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2025/03/boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe/|title='Boycott USA' : Consumer revolt spreads across Europe|date=March 10, 2025|website=Brussels Signal}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] imposed tariff on all imports from [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|Canada and Mexico]] in 2025, anti-Americanism rose further in Canada as tariff harmed historically strong [[Canada-U.S. relations]]. In the days after the initial tariff announcements, Canadian crowds [[Booing|booed]] the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|U.S. national anthem]] at sporting events featuring American teams.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |last1=Yousif |first1=Nadine |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Canadian fans boo US anthem as tariffs spur 'buy local' pledge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3348gk8my0o |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Many Canadians [[2025 Canadian boycott of the United States|began a boycott of American goods and of travel to the United States]] and a "Buy Canadian" movement gained traction across the country.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last1=Stevis-Gridneff |first1=Matina |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |date=February 8, 2025 |title=Betrayed: How Trump's Tariff Threats Tore the United States-Canada Bond |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/08/world/canada/us-canada-relations-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Trump also offered to buy [[Greenland]], citing reasons of "[[National security of the United States|national security]]" and "freedom throughout the world".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[The American Conservative]]|author-link= |user=amconmag |number=1871014834759745588 |date=December 22, 2024|title=Some are asking if this is real. It is. We pulled it straight from President-elect Trump's Truth Social account. Posted at 5:11 ET Sunday evening.|script-title= |trans-title= |language= |retweet= |location= |access-date=December 22, 2024 |link=https://x.com/amconmag/status/1871014834759745588 |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |title=Trump Says US Should Take Ownership Of Greenland And Threatens Panama Canal Takeover |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/12/23/trump-says-us-should-take-ownership-of-greenland-and-threatens-to-takeover-panama-canal/?utm_source=Whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=Forbes |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leary |first1=Alex |title=Trump Threatens to Take Control of Panama Canal, Greenland |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/trump-threatens-to-take-control-of-panama-canal-staple-of-global-economy-fdb3ef37 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> In response, Greenlandic premier [[Múte Bourup Egede]] wrote: "Greenland is ours. We are not for sale and will never be for sale. We must not lose our long struggle for freedom".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Why does Donald Trump want to buy Greenland? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-buy-greenland-denmark-b2675291.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Denmark's PM [[Mette Frederiksen]] repeated her comments from 2019. [[Minister of Defence (Denmark)|Danish minister of defense]] [[Troels Lund Poulsen]], following Trump's comments, announced an increase in spending on defense in Greenland of a "double-digit billion amount" in Krone (between $876mn and $8.7bn USD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark to boost defence spending for Greenland after Trump repeats call for US control |url=https://news.sky.com/story/denmark-to-boost-defence-spending-for-greenland-after-trump-repeats-call-for-us-control-13279706 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> Danish King [[Frederik X]] appeared to rebuke Trump's offers of buying Greenland,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Danish king changes royal coat of arms in apparent rebuke of Trump over Greenland row |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/trump-greenland-denmark-king-coat-arms-b2674586.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> when he stated, "We are all united and each of us committed for the kingdom of Denmark, from the Danish minority in South Schleswig and all the way to Greenland. We belong together". The royal household also ordered the [[Coat of arms of Denmark#21st century update|changing of the Royal Arms of Denmark]] to include Greenland more significantly in the arms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royston |first=Jack |date=2025-01-07 |title=Denmark's king sends Greenland message to Donald Trump |url=https://www.newsweek.com/denmark-king-greenland-donald-trump-2010801 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> This resulted a poll of 497 adult residents of Greenland between 22 and 26 January 2025, made by [[Verian]] for the national Greenlandic newspaper ''[[Sermitsiaq (newspaper)|Sermitsiaq]]'' and the national Danish newspaper ''[[Berlingske]]'' which 85% of respondents rejected a proposition that Greenland should leave the [[Danish Realm]] to become part of the United States, whereas 6% supported the proposition and 9% were undecided. In the same poll, when asked whether they would prefer a Danish or an American citizenship, 55% preferred a Danish one and 8% an American one, whereas 37% were undecided.<ref name="Euractiv-28 Jan 2025">{{Cite news |title=Virtually no Greenlanders want to join the US, new poll finds |last=Lund Nielsen |first=Magnus |date=2025-01-28 |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/virtually-no-greenlander-wants-to-join-the-us-poll-finds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128212235/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/virtually-no-greenlander-wants-to-join-the-us-poll-finds/ |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=[[Euractiv]] |format=}}</ref><ref name="Sermitsiaq-28 Jan 2025">{{cite news |last1=Jørgensen |first1=Trine Juncher |title=Stort flertal imod amerikansk overtagelse |url=https://www.sermitsiaq.ag/samfund/stort-flertal-imod-amerikansk-overtagelse/2187957 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=www.sermitsiaq.ag |date=28 January 2025 |language=da-DK}}</ref><ref name="Berlingske-28 Jan 2025">{{cite news |last1=Tidemann |first1=Daniel |last2=Fallentin |first2=Mia Gleerup |title=New poll shows overwhelming majority of Greenlanders reject Trump |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-majority-of-greenlanders-reject-trump |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=Berlingske.dk |date=28 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
<!-- Renewed interest in acquiring [[Greenland]], an autonomous territory of [[Denmark]], angered Danish citizens and government officials.<ref name="europe-usa-boycott-cmd-intl" /><ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1.html|title=Rising anti-US sentiment in Europe fuels boycott of American goods|first=Maggie|last=Shiltagh|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> -->

[[2025 Trump–Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting|A contentious White House meeting between Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], described by critics as humiliating for Zelenskyy, fueled European discontent regarding the administration's approach to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading" /><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe" />
Increased detentions of Canadian and European tourists at the USA border led several countries, including [[Germany]], the [[UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], and [[Portugal]], to issue travel warnings for the United States.<ref name="20250328-the-people-boycotting-travel-to-the-us"/> 

Trump's policies and actions caused widespread anti-America in [[European Union|Europe]]. In [[Denmark]], approximately 50% of consumers reported deliberately refraining from buying United States products since Trump's inauguration, according to a Megafon survey for TV 2.<ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1.html|title=Rising anti-US sentiment in Europe fuels boycott of American goods|first=Maggie|last=Shiltagh|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>
Swedish polls indicated that 70% of Swedes had considered or actively participated in boycotting United States products, with 10% having boycotted all USA goods completely.<ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1" />
Facebook groups promoting the boycott gained significant membership: a Swedish group called "Bojkotta varor från USA" (Boycott goods from the USA) attracted around 80,000 members, while a Danish equivalent, "Boykot varer fra USA," amassed over 90,000 members.<ref name="europe-usa-boycott-cmd-intl" /><ref name="20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs|title=Europeans boycott US products to protest against Trump tariffs|date=March 14, 2025|website=France 24}}</ref>
In France, a group called "BOYCOTT USA: Achetez Français et Européen!" (BOYCOTT USA: Buy French and European!) gathered approximately 30,000 members.<ref name="20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs" /><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe" />

[[File:2025日中韓経済貿易大臣会合 (cropped).jpg|thumb|China, South Korea, and Japan agreed to strengthen free trade in the face of Trump tariffs on March 30, 2025.]]
After Trump initially imposed tariff on all imports from China,<ref name="Breuninger-2025">{{cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Trump says Mexico, Canada tariffs will start March 4, plus additional 10% on China |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/trump-says-mexico-canada-tariffs-will-start-march-4-plus-additional-10percent-on-china.html |publisher=CNBC }}</ref><ref name="Shalal-2025">{{cite web |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Trade wars erupt as Trump hits Canada, Mexico, China with steep tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trade-wars-erupt-trump-hits-canada-mexico-china-with-steep-tariffs-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on US chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton, as well as a 10% tariff on US sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, effective March 10, 2025.<ref name="f4302">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=China hits back at U.S. imports as Trump's fresh tariffs take effect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-vows-countermeasures-against-us-tariffs-linked-fentanyl-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="NPR-2025">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=China slaps extra tariffs of up to 15% on imports of major U.S. farm exports |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/04/g-s1-51892/china-tariffs-u-s-farm-exports |access-date=March 4, 2025 |publisher=NPR |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> China also launched an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st LD: China launches anti-circumvention probe into imported optical fiber products from U.S. |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2025-03/04/content_117745804.htm |access-date=March 4, 2025 |work=China.org.cn |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> The [[General Administration of Customs]] of China suspended US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=China hits US soybean firms, halts lumber imports as it steps up retaliation against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-suspends-soybean-imports-three-us-firms-halts-log-imports-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On March 30, 2025, China, [[South Korea]], and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a [[China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|trilateral free trade agreement]] and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 30, 2025 |title=China, South Korea and Japan agree to strengthen trade ties in response to Trump tariffs |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250330-china-south-korea-and-japan-agree-to-strengthen-free-trade |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name="reuters2025china">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=April 1, 2025 |title=China, Japan, South Korea will jointly respond to US tariffs, Chinese state media says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Beijing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250331222358/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |quote=Japan and South Korea are seeking to import semiconductor raw materials from China, and China is also interested in purchasing chip products from Japan and South Korea, the account, Yuyuan Tantian, said in a post on Weibo.}}</ref> 

After [[Liberation Day tariffs|Trump announced the tariffs on April 2]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wile |first=Rob |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Goods imported from China now face a 54% tariff rate — and possibly higher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/goods-imported-china-are-now-facing-54-tariffs-rate-rcna199401 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> the Chinese government retaliated with tariffs of 34% on all imports from the United States, effective April 10, 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Juliana |date=April 4, 2025 |title=China imposes 34% reciprocal tariffs on imports of US goods in retaliation for Trump's trade war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/04/business/china-us-tariffs-retaliation-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and suspended negotiations regarding [[Restrictions on TikTok in the United States|the sale of TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |last3=Hax |first3=Carolyn |last4=Allison |first4=Natalie |last5=Stein |first5=Jeff |last6=Birnbaum |first6=Michael |last7=Rampell |first7=Catherine |last8=Singletary |first8=Michelle |last9=Lynch |first9=David J. |date=April 4, 2025 |title=The White House had a TikTok deal. Trump's China tariff wrecked it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250404225812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> China also began requiring special licenses to export six [[Rare-earth element|heavy rare-earths]], 100% of which were refined in China, and [[Rare-earth magnet|rare-earth magnets]], 90% of which are produced in China.<ref name=":31">{{Cite news |last=Bradsher |first=Keith |date=2025-04-13 |title=China Halts Critical Exports as Trade War Intensifies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/13/business/china-rare-earths-exports.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The rare earths, difficult to substitute, are critical to a range of high-tech goods, including batteries, weapons, and medical devices.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China has a weapon that could hurt America: rare-earth exports |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/04/10/china-has-a-weapon-that-could-hurt-america-rare-earth-exports |access-date=2025-04-14 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After retaliating each other several times, the Commerce ministry stated, "Even if the U.S. continues to impose higher tariffs, it will no longer make economic sense and will become a joke in the history of world economy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bao |first1=Anniek |title=China strikes back with 125% tariffs on U.S. goods as trade war intensifies |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/11/china-strikes-back-with-125percent-tariffs-on-us-goods-starting-april-12.html |publisher=CNBC |date=April 11, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> China has targeted American [[Red states and blue states|red states]] using its [[Non-tariff barriers to trade|non-tariff barriers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Forget tariffs — Beijing is already choking off US exports on the sly |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/12/china-trade-war-exports-00287123 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> US' threats to further rise tariffs up to 245% were dismissed by China’s [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], claiming that "it would not pay attention to Trump’s ‘tariff numbers game".<ref>{{Cite web |title=China says it will pay no attention to Trump's 'tariff numbers game' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/17/china-says-it-will-pay-no-attention-to-trumps-tariff-numbers-game |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Following the tariffs, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2025 |title=China Pivots From US to Canada for More Oil as Trade War Worsens |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-16/china-pivots-from-us-to-canada-for-more-oil-as-trade-war-worsens |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>