Editing Anti-Arab racism (section)

===Algeria===
{{See also|Kabyle myth|Arab migrations to the Maghreb}}

Anti-Arabism is a major element of a movement known as [[Berberism]] that is widespread mainly amongst Algerians of [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] and other [[Berbers|Berber]] origin.<ref>"Le monde arabe existe-il ?", [[Lucien-Samir Oulahbib|Lucien Oulahbib]].</ref> It has historic roots in French colonialist policy propagating the [[Kabyle myth]], with Arabs depicted as invaders that occupied Algeria and destroyed its late Roman and early medieval civilization that was considered an integral part of the West; this invasion is considered to have been the source of the resettlement of Algeria's Berber population in [[Kabylie]] and other mountainous areas. Regardless, the Kabyles and other Berbers have managed to preserve their culture and achieve high standards of living and education. Furthermore, many Berbers speak their language and French; are non religious, secular, or Evangelical Christian; and openly identify with the Western World. Many Berber Nationalists view Arabs as a hostile people intent on eradicating their own culture and nation. Berber social norms restrict marriage to someone of Arab ethnicity, although it is permitted to marry someone from other ethnic groups.<ref>"Du problème berbère au dilemme kabyle a l'aube du 21e siècle", Maxime Ait Kaki</ref>

According to [[Lawrence Rosen (anthropologist)|Lawrence Rosen]], ethnic background is not a crucial factor in marriage between members of each group in North Africa, when compared to social and economic backgrounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Lawrence |title=Bargaining for Reality: The Construction of Social Relations in a Muslim Community |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1984 |pages=139–140 |isbn=0-226-72611-8}}</ref> There are regular hate incidents between Arabs and Berbers, and Anti-Arabism has been accentuated by the Algerian government's anti-Berber policies. Contemporary relations between Berbers and Arabs are sometimes tense, particularly in Algeria, where Berbers rebelled (1963–65, 2001) against Arab rule and have demonstrated and rioted against their cultural marginalization in the newly founded state.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Brett |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Fentress |title=The Berbers |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=1997 |pages=278–282 |isbn=0-631-20767-8 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Berbers protest in Kabylia |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1343153.stm |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>

The Anti-Arab sentiments among [[Berber people#Contemporary demographics|Algerian Berbers]] (mainly from Kabylie) were always related to the reassertion of Kabyle identity. It began as an intellectual militant movement in schools, universities, and popular culture (mainly nationalistic songs).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Hugh |title=The Economics of Berberism: The Material Basis of the Kabyle Question in Contemporary Algeria |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1983.tb00024.x |year=1983|s2cid=145646046 }}</ref> In addition to that, the authorities' efforts to promote development in Kabylie contributed to a boom of sorts in [[Tizi Ouzou]], whose population almost doubled between 1966 and 1977, and to a greater degree of economic and social integration within the region had the contrary effect of strengthening a collective [[Berbers|Berber]] consciousness and Anti-Arab sentiments.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ofra |last1=Bengio |first2=Gabriel |last2=Ben-Dor |title=Minorities and the State in the Arab World |url=https://archive.org/details/minoritiesstatea00beng |url-access=limited |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/minoritiesstatea00beng/page/n30 35] |isbn=1-55587-647-1 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Arabophobia can be seen at different levels of intellectual, social, and cultural life of some Berbers. After the Berberist crisis in 1949, a new radical intellectual movement emerged under the name ''L'Académie Berbère''. This movement was known by its adoption and promotion of Anti-Arab and [[Islamophobia|Anti-Islam]] ideologies especially amongst immigrant Kabyles in France and achieved a relative success at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slimani-Direche |first=Karina |title= Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècle: Réalités culturelles et politiques et réappropriations identitaires |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2002 |page=140 |isbn=2-7384-5789-4 |language=fr}} ''Translation from [[French language|French]]'': <blockquote>These reactions are also residues of a violent and Manichean political discourse which was particularly developed after the Berberist crisis in 1949 (see the second part) and expressed by members or sympathizers of the L'Académie Berbère (Berber Academy). This political berberist and radical trend which was especially developed with immigration, wanted to be anti-Arab, anti-Islam, and willingly sank in a narrow Manichaeism. This trend has seen relative success among some Kabyle immigrants especially from Paris Region (Région parisienne).</blockquote></ref>

In 1977, the final game of the national soccer championship pitting a team from Kabylie against one from [[Algiers]] turned into an Arab-Berber conflict. The Arab national anthem of Algeria was overwhelmed by the shouting of Anti-Arab slogans such as "A bas les arabes" (''down with the Arabs'').<ref name="rnesmw-p-150">{{cite book |chapter=Ethnicity and Power in North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco |editor-last=Spickard |editor-first=Paul R. |first=Taoufik |last=Djebali |title=Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic/page/n164 150] |isbn=0-415-95003-1}}</ref>

The roots of modern-day Arabophobia in Algeria can be traced back to multiple factors. For some, Anti-Arabism movement among Berbers is part of the legacy of [[French Algeria|French Colonization]] or manipulation of North Africa. As from the beginning, the French understood that to attenuate Muslim resistance to their presence, mainly in Algeria, they had to resort to the [[divide and rule]] doctrine. The most obvious divide that could be instrumentalized in this perspective was the ethnic one. Therefore, France employed some official colonial practices to tighten its control over Algeria by creating racial tensions between Arabs and Berbers and between Jews and Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Joan E. |last1=Gross |first2=David A. |last2=McMurray |title=Berber Origins and the Politics of Ethnicity in Colonial North African Discourse |journal = PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=39–58 |date=June 1993 |doi=10.1525/pol.1993.16.2.39}}</ref>

Others argue that the Berber language and traditions are deeply rooted in the North African cultural mosaic; for centuries, Berber culture has survived conquests, repression, and exclusion from different invaders: Romans, Arabs, and French. Hence, believing that its identity and specificity were threatened, the Berbers took note of the political and ideological implications of Arabism as defended by successive governments.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ethnicity and Power in North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco |editor-last=Spickard |editor-first=Paul R. |first=Taoufik |last=Djebali |title=Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic/page/n163 149] |isbn=0-415-95003-1}}</ref> Gradual radicalization and Anti-Arab sentiments began to emerge in Algeria and among the hundreds of thousands of Berbers in France who had been in the forefront of the Berber cultural movement.<ref name="rnesmw-p-150"/>