Editing Apache (section)

== Tribes and bands ==
The list below is based on Foster and McCollough (2001), Opler (1983b, 1983c, 2001), and de Reuse (1983).

The term ''Apache'' refers to six major Apache-speaking groups: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains, and Western Apache. Historically, the term has also been applied to the [[Comanche]]s, [[Mohave people|Mojave]]s, [[Hualapai]]s, and [[Yavapai]]s, none of whom speak Apache languages.

===Chiricahua – Mimbreño – Ndendahe===
* '''[[Chiricahua]]''' historically lived in Southeastern Arizona and Northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Chíshí (also Tchishi) is a [[Navajo language|Navajo]] word meaning "Chiricahua, southern Apaches in general".<ref>Similar words occur in [[Jicarilla language|Jicarilla]] ''Chíshín'' and [[Lipan language|Lipan]] ''Chishį́į́hį́į́'' "Forest Lipan".</ref>
**'''Ch'úúkʾanén''', true Chiricahua (Tsokanende, also Č'ók'ánéń, Č'ó·k'anén, Chokonni, Cho-kon-nen, Cho Kŭnĕ́, Chokonen) is the Eastern Chiricahua band identified by [[Morris Opler]]. The name is an [[endonym|autonym]] from the [[Chiricahua language]].
**'''Gileño''' (also Apaches de Gila, Apaches de Xila, Apaches de la Sierra de Gila, Xileños, Gilenas, Gilans, Gilanians, Gila Apache, Gilleños) referred to several different Apache and non-Apache groups at different times. ''Gila'' refers to either the [[Gila River]] or the [[Mogollon Mountains|Gila Mountains]]. Some of the Gila Apaches were probably later known as the Mogollon Apaches, a Central Apache sub-band, while others probably coalesced into the Chiricahua proper. But, since the term was used indiscriminately for all Apachean groups west of the Rio Grande (i.e. in southeast Arizona and western New Mexico), the reference in historical documents is often unclear. After 1722, Spanish documents start to distinguish between these different groups, in which case ''Apaches de Gila'' refers to the Western Apache living along the Gila River (synonymous with ''Coyotero''). American writers first used the term to refer to the Mimbres (another Central Apache subdivision).
*'''[[Mimbreños|Mimbreño]]''' are the Tchihende, not a ''Chiricahua'' band but a central Apache division sharing the same language with the Chiricahua and the Mescalero divisions, the name being referred to a central Apache division improperly considered as a section of Opler's "''Eastern Chiricahua'' band", and to Albert Schroeder's ''Mimbres'', or ''Warm Springs'' and ''Copper Mines'' "Chiricahua" bands<ref>Opler lists three Chiricahua bands, while Schroeder lists five</ref> in southwestern New Mexico.
** '''[[Chiricahua|Copper Mines]] Mimbreño''' (also Coppermine) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Pinos Altos area. (See also ''Gileño'' and ''Mimbreño''.)
** '''[[Chiricahua|Warm Springs]] Mimbreño''' (also Warmspring) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Ojo Caliente area. (See also ''Gileño'' and ''Mimbreño''.)
*'''[[Ndendahe]]''' were a division comprising the Bedonkohe (Mogollon) group and the Nedhni (Carrizaleño and Janero) group, incorrectly called, sometimes, ''Southern Chirichua''.
**'''Mogollon''' was considered by Schroeder to be a separate pre-reservation Chiricahua band, while Opler considered the Mogollon to be part of his ''Eastern Chiricahua'' band in New Mexico. This is not be confused with the precontact [[Mogollon culture]].
**'''[[Nedhni]]''' were the most southern group of the Central Apache, having their center in the Carrizal (Carrizaleño) and Janos (Janero) areas, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.

===Jicarilla ===
[[File:Jicarilla apache boy.jpg|thumb|upright|Young [[Jicarilla Apache Nation|Jicarilla Apache]] boy, [[New Mexico]], 2009]]

The [[Jicarilla]] primarily live in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. The term ''jicarilla'' comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd."

* '''[[Jicarilla Apache|Carlana]]'''{{refn|Alternate spellings include: Carlane, Carbame<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas C. |last2=Naylor |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Polzer |first3=Charles W. |title=Northern New Spain: A Research Guide |publisher=University of Arizona |url=https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510164203/https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c |url-status=live }}</ref>}} (also Sierra Blanca) is [[Raton Mesa]] in Southeastern [[Colorado]]. In 1726, they joined the [[El Cuartelejo|Cuartelejo]] and Paloma, and by the 1730s, they lived with the Jicarilla. The Llanero band of the Jicarilla or the Dáchizh-ó-zhn Jicarilla (defined by [[James Mooney]]) might be descendants of the Carlana, Cuartelejo, and Paloma. Parts of the group were called Lipiyanes or Llaneros. In 1812, the term ''Carlana'' was used to mean Jicarilla. The Flechas de Palo might have been a part of or absorbed by the Carlana (or Cuartelejo).

=== Lipan ===
'''[[Lipan Apache people|Lipan]]''' (Ypandes) primarily live in New Mexico today on the [[Mescalero Apache Reservation]].<ref name="may-ohs">{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Jon D. |title=Apache, Lipan |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AP004 |website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508143850/https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AP004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Lipan Apache descendants merged with the [[Tonkawa]] tribe in Oklahoma.<ref name="may-ohs"/> Historically, they moved from what is now the Southwest into the [[Southern Plains]] before 1650.<ref name="may-ohs"/> In 1719, French explorer [[Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe]] encountered the Lipan Apache near what is now [[Latimer County, Oklahoma]].<ref name="may-ohs"/>

They were mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of [[San Antonio, Texas]].<ref name="de Reuse, p. 385"/> They expanded into Texas and south the Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande. In the mid-18th century, some Lipan settled in and near [[Spanish missions in Texas]].<ref name="tsha">{{cite web |last1=Carlisle |first1=Jeffrey D. |title=Apache Indians |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians |website=Texas Beyond History |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823201927/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians |url-status=live }}</ref> Clashes with Comanche forced them into southern Texas and northern Mexico.<ref name="tsha"/>

Briefly in the late 1830s, the Lipan allied with the [[Republic of Texas]]; however, after Texas gained statehood in 1846, the Americans waged a brutal campaign against the Lipan, destroying Lipan villages and trying to force them from Texas. Most were forced onto the Mescalero Reservation and some went to Oklahoma.<ref name="may-ohs"/><ref name="tsha"/>

* '''[[Lipan Apache people|Pelones]]''' ("Bald Ones") lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes near the [[Red River of the South]] of North-Central Texas, although able to field 800 warriors, more than the ''Ypandes'' and ''Natagés'' together, they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan, their population were estimated between 1,600 and 2,400 persons, were the ''Forest Lipan'' division (''Chishį́į́hį́į́'', ''Tcici'', ''Tcicihi'' – "People of the Forest", after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group, the Pelones had fled for the Comanche south and southwest, but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division – retaining their distinct identity, so that [[Morris Opler]] was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was "People of the Forest"){{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Mescalero ===
[[Mescalero]]s primarily live in Eastern New Mexico.

*'''[[Faraones]]''' (also Fahanos,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 3) |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap3.htm |website=npshistory.com |access-date=11 August 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811175036/http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Apaches Faraone, Paraonez, Pharaones, Taraones, or Taracones) is derived from Spanish ''Faraón'' meaning "Pharaoh." Before 1700, the name was vague. Between 1720 and 1726, it referred to Apache between the [[Rio Grande]], the [[Pecos River]], the area around [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], and the [[Conchos River]]. After 1726, ''Faraones'' only referred to the groups of the north and central parts of this region. The Faraones like were part of the modern-day Mescalero or merged with them. After 1814, the term ''Faraones'' disappeared and was replaced by ''Mescalero''.
*'''[[Sierra Blanca Mescalero]]s''' were a northern Mescalero group from the Sierra Blanca Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
*'''[[Sacramento Mescalero]]s''' were a northern Mescalero group from the Sacramento and Organ Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
*'''[[Guadalupe Mescalero]]s'''. were a northern Mescalero group from the Guadalupe Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
*'''[[Limpia Mescalero]]s''' were a southern Mescalero group from the Limpia Mountains (later named as Davis Mountains) and roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
*'''[[Natagés]]''' (also ''Natagees'', ''Apaches del Natafé'', ''Natagêes'', ''Yabipais Natagé'', ''Natageses'', ''Natajes'') is a term used from 1726 to 1820 to refer to the Faraón, Sierra Blanca, and Siete Ríos Apaches of southeastern New Mexico. In 1745, the Natagé are reported to have consisted of the Mescalero (around [[El Paso]] and the [[Organ Mountains]]) and the [[Salinero Apaches|Salinero]] (around [[Rio Salado (New Mexico)|Rio Salado]]), but these were probably the same group, were oft called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves ''true Apaches'', had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century. After 1749, the term became synonymous with Mescalero, which eventually replaced it.

====Ethnobotany====
A full list of documented plant uses by the Mescalero tribe can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/ (which also includes the Chiricahua; 198 documented plant uses) and http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/ (83 documented uses).

=== Plains Apache ===
[[Plains Apache]] (Kiowa-Apache, Naisha, Naʼishandine) are headquartered in Southwest Oklahoma. Historically, they followed the [[Kiowa]]. Other names for them include Ná'įįsha, Ná'ęsha, Na'isha, Na'ishandine, Na-i-shan-dina, Na-ishi, Na-e-ca, Ną'ishą́, Nadeicha, Nardichia, Nadíisha-déna, Na'dí'į́shą́ʼ, Nądí'įįshąą, and Naisha.

* '''[[Querechos]]''' referred to by Coronado in 1541, possibly Plains Apaches, at times maybe Navajo. Other early Spanish might have also called them Vaquereo or Llanero.

=== Western Apache ===
[[File:San Carlos Apache woman (F24259 DPLW).jpg|thumb|A Western Apache woman from the San Carlos group]]

[[Western Apache]] include Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, White Mountain, and San Carlos groups. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin. Other writers have used this term to refer to all non-Navajo Apachean peoples living west of the Rio Grande (thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans). Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]."<ref>Goodwin, p. 55</ref>

*'''[[Western Apache|Cibecue]]''' is a Western Apache group, according to Goodwin, from north of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] between the Tonto and White Mountain Apache, consisting of Ceder Creek, Carrizo, and Cibecue (proper) bands.
* '''[[San Carlos Apache|San Carlos]]'''. A Western Apache group that ranged closest to Tucson according to Goodwin. This group consisted of the Apache Peaks, Arivaipa, Pinal, San Carlos (proper) bands.
**'''[[Arivaipa]]''' (also Aravaipa) is a band of the San Carlos Apache. Schroeder believes the Arivaipa were a separate people in pre-reservation times. ''Arivaipa'' is a Hispanized word from the [[O'odham language]]. The Arivaipa are known as ''Tsézhiné'' ("Black Rock") in the [[Western Apache language]].
** '''[[Pinal (Apache band)|Pinal]]''' (also ''Pinaleño''). One of the bands of the San Carlos group of Western Apache, described by Goodwin. Also used along with ''Coyotero'' to refer more generally to one of two major Western Apache divisions. Some Pinaleño were referred to as the ''Gila Apache''.
* '''[[Tonto Apache|Tonto]]'''. Goodwin divided into Northern Tonto and Southern Tonto groups, living in the north and west areas of the Western Apache groups according to Goodwin. This is north of Phoenix, north of the Verde River. Schroeder has suggested that the Tonto are originally Yavapais who assimilated Western Apache culture. Tonto is one of the major dialects of the Western Apache language. Tonto Apache speakers are traditionally bilingual in Western Apache and [[Yavapai language|Yavapai]]. Goodwin's Northern Tonto consisted of Bald Mountain, Fossil Creek, Mormon Lake, and Oak Creek bands; Southern Tonto consisted of the Mazatzal band and unidentified "semi-bands".
* '''[[White Mountain Apache|White Mountain]]''' are the easternmost group of the Western Apache, according to Goodwin, who included the Eastern White Mountain and Western White Mountain Apache.
**'''[[Coyotero]]''' refers to a southern pre-reservation White Mountain group of the Western Apache, but has also been used more widely to refer to the Apache in general, Western Apache, or an Apache band in the high plains of Southern Colorado to [[Kansas]].

====Ethnobotany====
*A full list of 134 ethnobotany plant uses for Western Apache can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/14/.
*A full list of 165 ethnobotany plant uses for White Mountain Apache can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/15/.
*A full list of 14 ethnobotany plant uses for the San Carlos Apache can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/13/.

===Other terms===
*'''[[Llanero]]''' is a Spanish-language borrowing meaning "plains dweller". The name referred to several different groups who hunted buffalo on the [[Great Plains]]. (See also ''Carlanas''.)
* '''[[Lipiyánes]]''' (also Lipiyán, Lipillanes). A coalition of splinter groups of Nadahéndé (Natagés), Guhlkahéndé, and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle ("Strong Arm"), who fought the Comanche on the Plains. This term is not to be confused with ''Lipan''.