Editing Apollo 14 (section)

=== Spacecraft ===
[[File:Apollo 14 rollout from VAB.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Apollo 14 launch vehicle is rolled out from the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]], November 9, 1970.]]
The Apollo 14 spacecraft consisted of Command Module (CM) 110 and Service Module (SM) 110 (together CSM-110), called ''Kitty Hawk'', and [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] 8 (LM-8), called ''Antares''.<ref name = "mission overview" /> Roosa had chosen the CSM's call sign after [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina|the town]] in North Carolina where, in 1903, the [[Wright Brothers]] first flew their ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' airplane (also known as ''Kitty Hawk''). [[Antares]] was named by Mitchell after the star in the constellation [[Scorpius]] that the astronauts in the LM would use to orient the craft for its lunar landing.{{sfn|Moseley 2011|p=132}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Call signs|access-date=August 17, 2020|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=25}} Also considered part of the spacecraft were a Launch Escape System and a Spacecraft/Launch Vehicle Adapter,{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-1}} numbered SLA-17.<ref name = "hardware">{{cite web|title=Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items|date=March 1978|url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6473665/Apollo-Skylab-ASTP-and-Shuttle-Orbiter-Major-End.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6473665/Apollo-Skylab-ASTP-and-Shuttle-Orbiter-Major-End.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=[[NASA]]|page=15}}</ref>

The changes to the Apollo spacecraft between Apollo 13 and 14 were more numerous than with earlier missions, not only because of the problems with Apollo 13, but because of the more extensive lunar activities planned for Apollo 14.<ref name = "mission overview" >{{cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/overview/|title=Apollo 14 mission: Mission overview|access-date=June 29, 2020|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]}}</ref> The Apollo 13 accident had been caused by the explosive failure of an oxygen tank, after the insulation of the internal wiring had been damaged by heating of the tank contents pre-launch—that the oxygen had gotten hot enough to damage the insulation had not been realized, since the protective thermostatic switches had failed because they were, through an error, not designed to handle the voltage applied during ground testing. The explosion damaged the other tank or its tubing, causing its contents to leak away.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=372–375}}

The changes in response included a redesign of the oxygen tanks, with the thermostats being upgraded to handle the proper voltage.{{sfn|Gatland|1976|p=281}} A third tank was also added, placed in Bay{{nbsp}}1 of the SM, on the side opposite the other two, and was given a valve that could isolate it in an emergency, and allow it to feed the CM's environmental system only. The quantity probe in each tank was upgraded from aluminum to stainless steel.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=96–97}}

Also in response to the Apollo 13 accident, the electrical wiring in Bay{{nbsp}}4 (where the explosion had happened) was sheathed in stainless steel. The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen. The spacecraft and Mission Control monitoring systems were modified to give more immediate and visible warnings of anomalies.{{sfn|Gatland|1976|p=281}} The Apollo 13 astronauts had suffered shortages of water and of power after the accident.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=369–370}}  Accordingly, an emergency supply of {{convert|5|USgal|}} of water was stored in Apollo 14's CM, and an emergency battery, identical to those that powered the LM's descent stage, was placed in the SM. The LM was modified to make the transfer of power from LM to CM easier.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=96–98}}

Other changes included the installation of anti-slosh baffles in the LM descent stage's propellant tanks. This would prevent the low fuel light from coming on prematurely, as had happened on Apollo 11 and 12. Structural changes were made to accommodate the equipment to be used on the lunar surface, including the [[Modular Equipment Transporter]].{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=A-6, A-9}}