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Artificial reef
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=== Carbon sequestration === [[File:Artificialreef.JPG|thumb|Constructing an artificial reef using [[Concrete masonry unit|concrete breeze blocks]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Aspinall | first=Richard | title=From concrete to coral: breeze blocks make a splash regenerating reefs | website=The Guardian | date=2016-09-20 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2016/sep/20/from-concrete-to-coral-breeze-blocks-make-a-splash-regenerating-reefs | access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref>]] There is interest in the possibility that artificial reefs can be used to support [[carbon sequestration]] and counter [[climate change]]. Coastal vegetation ecosystems (mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass), algal beds, and phytoplankton have been identified as potential [[carbon sinks]]. It is hoped that increasing biomass at artificial reefs can provide another form of [[blue carbon]] storage.<ref name="Shu"/><ref name="Jiang">{{cite news |last1=Jiang |first1=Yifan |title=What makes China's 'blue carbon' plans different? |url=https://chinadialogueocean.net/en/fisheries/18729-what-makes-chinas-blue-carbon-plans-different/ |work=China Dialogue Ocean |date=23 September 2021}}</ref> RGV Reef, a 1,650-acre artificial reef created in 2017 in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Texas, is being studied to assess its potential for carbon capture.<ref name="Curtis">{{cite web |title=Carbon Capture Research Begins at Largest Artificial Reef in Texas |url=https://rgvreef.org/first-of-its-kind-study-could-be-a-gamechanger-in-dealing-with-climate-changer/ |website=RGV Reef|date= October 19, 2022 }}</ref> Another study area is located off Juehua Island in the [[Bohai Sea]]. Biological, physical, social and technological factors must all be considered in calculating carbon capture flow in aquatic systems. Near Juehua Island, M-shaped artificial reefs improved hydrodynamic conditions for creating a carbon sink, but local marine species had limited availability. Development of active marine management strategies and the introduction of appropriate biological species were suggested as ways to increase carbon capture potential.<ref name="Shu">{{cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=Anping |last2=Zhang |first2=Ziru |last3=Wang |first3=Le |last4=Sun |first4=Tao |last5=Yang |first5=Wei |last6=Zhu |first6=Jiapin |last7=Qin |first7=Jiping |last8=Zhu |first8=Fuyang |title=Effects of typical artificial reefs on hydrodynamic characteristics and carbon sequestration potential in the offshore of Juehua Island, Bohai Sea |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |date=2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.979930 |issn=2296-665X |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the Caribbean, researchers have found that the placement of [[breeze blocks]] as artificial reefs near tropical [[seagrass meadows]] can create a positive feedback loop. The reef structures attracted fish by providing shelter, and the fish in turn fertilized the seagrass and increased its productivity, providing both food and shelter. The combination of seagrass and reef structures provided added protection from fish nets as well as increasing biomass in the seagrass meadow.<ref name="Ashworth">{{cite web |last1=Ashworth |first1=James |title=Artificial reefs in seagrass meadows could help protect against climate change |website=phys.org |date=July 26, 2023 |url=https://phys.org/news/2023-07-artificial-reefs-seagrass-meadows-climate.html |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Esquivel">{{cite journal |last1=Esquivel |first1=Kenzo E. |last2=Hesselbarth |first2=Maximilian H. K. |last3=Allgeier |first3=Jacob E. |title=Mechanistic support for increased primary production around artificial reefs |journal=Ecological Applications |date=September 2022 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=e2617 |doi=10.1002/eap.2617 |pmid=35368128 |bibcode=2022EcoAp..32E2617E |hdl=2027.42/174782 |s2cid=247937506 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2617 |language=en |issn=1051-0761|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Andskog">{{cite journal |last1=Andskog |first1=Mona A. |last2=Layman |first2=Craig |last3=Allgeier |first3=Jacob E. |title=Seagrass production around artificial reefs is resistant to human stressors |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=26 July 2023 |volume=290 |issue=2003 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.0803|pmid=37491960 |pmc=10369039 }}</ref> Estimates suggest that Caribbean seagrass beds can provide substantial pools for global carbon.<ref name="Shayka">{{cite journal |last1=Shayka |first1=Bridget F. |last2=Hesselbarth |first2=Maximilian H. K. |last3=Schill |first3=Steven R. |last4=Currie |first4=William S. |last5=Allgeier |first5=Jacob E. |title=The natural capital of seagrass beds in the Caribbean: evaluating their ecosystem services and blue carbon trade potential |journal=Biology Letters |date=June 2023 |volume=19 |issue=6 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2023.0075|pmid=37340807 |s2cid=259204507 |pmc=10282569 }}</ref>
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