Editing Assisted reproductive technology (section)

=== In vitro fertilization ===
{{Further|In vitro fertilization}}
[[File:2902 IVF-02.jpg|thumb|315x315px|Steps of IVF Treatment]]
[[In vitro fertilization]] is the technique of letting [[Human fertilization|fertilization]] of the male and female [[gametes]] (sperm and egg) occur outside the female body.

Techniques usually used in in vitro fertilization include:
* [[Transvaginal ovum retrieval]] (OVR) is the process whereby a small needle is inserted through the back of the vagina and guided via ultrasound into the ovarian follicles to collect the fluid that contains the eggs.
* [[Embryo transfer]] is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are:
* [[Assisted zona hatching]] (AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the outer layer surrounding the egg in order to help the embryo hatch out and aid in the implantation process of the growing embryo.
* [[File:In vitro fertilization.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)]] [[Intracytoplasmic sperm injection]] (ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt(s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle. With ICSI, only one sperm per egg is needed. Without ICSI, you need between 50,000 and 100,000. This method is also sometimes employed when donor sperm is used.
* [[Autologous endometrial coculture]] is a possible treatment for patients who have failed previous IVF attempts or who have poor embryo quality. The patient's fertilized eggs are placed on top of a layer of cells from the patient's own uterine lining, creating a more natural environment for embryo development.
* In [[zygote intrafallopian transfer]] (ZIFT), egg cells are removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube.
* [[Cytoplasmic transfer]] is the technique in which the contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into the infertile egg of the patient along with the sperm.
* [[Egg donor]]s are resources for women with no eggs due to surgery, chemotherapy, or genetic causes; or with poor egg quality, previously unsuccessful IVF cycles or [[advanced maternal age]]. In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the recipient's uterus.
* [[Sperm donation]] may provide the source for the sperm used in IVF procedures where the male partner produces no sperm or has an inheritable disease, or where the woman being treated has no male partner.
* [[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis]] (PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes.
* [[Embryo splitting (disambiguation)|Embryo splitting]] can be used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Illmensee K, Levanduski M, Vidali A, Husami N, Goudas VT |title=Human embryo twinning with applications in reproductive medicine |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume= 93|issue= 2|pages= 423–7|date=February 2009 |pmid=19217091 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.098 |doi-access=free }}</ref>