Editing Atmospheric science (section)

== Climatology ==
{{main|Climatology}}
Climatology is a science that derives knowledge and practices from the more specialized disciplines of meteorology, oceanography, geology, biology, and astronomy to study climate. In contrast to [[meteorology]], which studies short-term [[weather]] systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over timescales ranging from years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns. [[List of climate scientists|Climatologists]], those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates&nbsp;– local, regional or global&nbsp;– and the natural or human-induced factors that cause [[climate variability and change|climate variability]] and current ongoing [[global warming|global warming]]. Additionally, the occurrence of past climates on Earth, such as those arising from glacial periods and interglacials, can be used to [[prediction|predict]] future changes in climate.

One instance where oceanology was critical to climatology studies appears in a recent paper entitled "Concerns about El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation with an Increasingly Warm Ocean."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=5. Human security requires climate security |url=https://10insightsclimate.science/year-2024/concerns-about-el-nino-southern-oscillation-atlantic-meridional-overturning-circulation-increasingly-warm-ocean/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=10insightsclimate |language=en-US}}</ref> Scientists under New Insights in Climate Science found that Earth is at risk of El Nino events of greater extremes and overall climate instability given new information regarding the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Nino Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) and the [[Atlantic meridional overturning circulation|Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation]] (AMOC). This research has revealed that our economic and social systems are more vulnerable to El Nino impacts than previously thought. Additionally, the collapse of the AMOC appears to be occurring sooner than when earlier models had predicted. The study of oceanology is vital in understanding current climate risks. Research is necessary to mitigate and monitor the efforts put forth towards are ever-evolving climate. Strengthening our knowledge within the realm of climatology allows us to better prepare for the impacts of extreme El Nino events, such as amplified droughts, floods, and heat extremes.<ref name=":0" />

Phenomena of climatological interest include the [[atmospheric boundary layer]], [[atmospheric circulation|circulation patterns]], [[heat transfer]] ([[thermal radiation|radiative]], [[convection|convective]] and [[latent heat flux|latent]]), interactions between the atmosphere, the [[oceans]] and [[Landform|land]] surface (particularly [[vegetation]], [[land use]] and [[topography]]), as well as the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include [[astrophysics]], [[atmospheric physics]], [[chemistry]], [[ecology]], [[physical geography]], [[geology]], [[geophysics]], [[glaciology]], [[hydrology]], [[oceanography]], and [[volcanology]].