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Batrachotoxin
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=== Cardiotoxicity === Although generally classified as a [[neurotoxin]], batrachotoxin has marked effects on [[heart muscle]]s and its effects are mediated through sodium channel activation. Heart conduction is impaired resulting in [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]]s, [[extrasystole]]s, [[ventricular fibrillation]] and other changes which lead to [[asystole]] and [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Honerjäger |first=P. |last2=Reiter |first2=M. |date=1977 |title=The cardiotoxic effect of batrachotoxin |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00500316 |journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology |language=en |volume=299 |issue=3 |pages=239–252 |doi=10.1007/BF00500316 |issn=0028-1298}}</ref> Batrachotoxin induces a massive release of [[acetylcholine]] in nerves and muscles and destruction of [[synaptic vesicle]]s, as well.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Batrachotoxin R is more toxic than related batrachotoxin A.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
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