Editing Bioavailability (section)

===In environmental sciences or science===

Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms.  It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by microorganisms (due to sorption to or partitioning of otherwise degradable substances into inaccessible phases in the environment). A noteworthy example for agriculture is plant phosphorus deficiency induced by precipitation with iron and aluminum phosphates at low [[soil pH]] and precipitation with calcium phosphates at high soil pH.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1013351617532 |year=2001 |last1=Hinsinger |first1=Philippe |title=Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=237 |issue=2 |pages=173–195|s2cid=8562338 }}</ref> Toxic materials in soil, such as lead from paint may be rendered unavailable to animals ingesting contaminated soil by supplying phosphorus fertilizers in excess.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/es00046a007 |title=In situ lead immobilization by apatite |year=1993 |last1=Ma |first1=Qi-Ying |last2=Traina |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Logan |first3=Terry J. |last4=Ryan |first4=James A. |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1803–1810|bibcode=1993EnST...27.1803M }}</ref> Organic pollutants such as solvents or pesticides<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sims|first1=G.K. |first2=M. |last2=Radosevich |first3=X.-T. |last3=He |first4=S. J. |last4=Traina|contribution=The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides|editor-first=W. B. |editor-last=Betts |title=Biodegradation of Natural and Synthetic Materials |publisher=Springer |location=London|year=1991|pages=119–137}}</ref>  may be rendered unavailable to microorganisms and thus persist in the environment when they are adsorbed to soil minerals<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/etc.5620190904 |title=Effects of sorption on the biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous suspensions of reference clay minerals |year=2000 |last1=O'Loughlin |first1=Edward J. |last2=Traina |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Sims |first3=Gerald K. |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=2168–2174|s2cid=98654832 }}</ref> or partition into hydrophobic organic matter.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N |title=Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil |year=1999 |last1=Sims |first1=Gerald K. |last2=Cupples |first2=Alison M. |journal=Pesticide Science |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=598–601}}</ref>