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Biofeedback
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===Feedback thermometer=== A feedback thermometer detects skin temperature with a [[thermistor]] (a temperature-sensitive resistor) that is usually attached to a finger or toe and measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Skin temperature mainly reflects [[arteriole]] diameter. Hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by separate mechanisms, and their regulation involves different skills.<ref name="Andreassi, J. L. 2007">{{cite book | vauthors = Andreassi JL | date = 2007 | title = Psychophysiology: Human behavior and physiological response | edition = 5th | location = Hillsdale, NJ | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Inc }}</ref> Hand-warming involves arteriole [[vasodilation]] produced by a beta-2 adrenergic hormonal mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen RA, Coffman JD | title = Beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism in the finger | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 1196β201 | date = November 1981 | pmid = 6117377 | doi = 10.1161/01.res.49.5.1196 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hand-cooling involves arteriole [[vasoconstriction]] produced by the increased firing of [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] [[C-fiber]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freedman RR, Sabharwal SC, Ianni P, Desai N, Wenig P, Mayes M | title = Nonneural beta-adrenergic vasodilating mechanism in temperature biofeedback | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 394β401 | year = 1988 | pmid = 2842815 | doi = 10.1097/00006842-198807000-00007 | s2cid = 24316214 }}</ref> Biofeedback therapists use temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, [[edema]], headache (migraine and tension-type headache), essential hypertension, [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud's disease]], anxiety, and [[Stress (biology)|stress]].<ref name = Yucha2008/>
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