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Biogeochemistry
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=== 20th century === The founder of modern biogeochemistry was [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], a [[Russia]]n and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] scientist whose 1926 book ''The Biosphere'',<ref>Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry & the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, {{ISBN|0-907791-36-0}} (originally published in Russian in 1924)</ref> in the tradition of [[Mendeleev]], formulated a physics of the Earth as a living whole.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=William H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251 |title=Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change |date=2020 |others=Emily S. Bernhardt |isbn=978-0-12-814609-5 |edition=4th |location=London |oclc=1183905251}}</ref> Vernadsky distinguished three spheres, where a sphere was a concept similar to the concept of a [[phase-space]]. He observed that each sphere had its own laws of [[evolution]], and that the higher spheres modified and dominated the lower: # [[Abiotic]] sphere β all the non-living energy and material processes # Biosphere β the life processes that live within the abiotic sphere # NΓΆesis or [[noosphere]] β the sphere of human [[cognitive process]] Human activities (e.g., agriculture and [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]]) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere. In the contemporary environment, the amount of influence humans have on the other two spheres is comparable to a geological force (see [[Anthropocene]]). The American [[limnology|limnologist]] and [[geochemistry|geochemist]] [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] is credited with outlining the broad scope and principles of this new field. More recently, the basic elements of the discipline of biogeochemistry were restated and popularized by the British scientist and writer, [[James Lovelock]], under the label of the ''[[Gaia theory (science)|Gaia Hypothesis]]''. Lovelock emphasized a concept that life processes regulate the Earth through [[feedback]] mechanisms to keep it habitable. The research of [[Manfred Schidlowski]] was concerned with the biochemistry of the [[Early Earth]].<ref>[[Manfred Schidlowski]]: ''[?via%3Dihub Carbon isotopes as biochemical recorders of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history: Evolution of a concept]''. In: [[Precambrian Research]]. Vol. 106, Issues 1-2, 1 February 2001, pages 117-134.</ref>
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