Editing Birth defect (section)

==== Examples of primarily structural congenital disorders ====
A limb anomaly is called a [[dysmelia]]. These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as [[amelia (birth defect)|amelia]], [[ectrodactyly]], [[phocomelia]], [[polymelia]], [[polydactyly]], [[syndactyly]], [[polysyndactyly]], [[oligodactyly]], [[brachydactyly]], [[dwarfism|achondroplasia]], congenital [[aplasia]] or [[hypoplasia]], [[amniotic band syndrome]], and [[cleidocranial dysostosis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tayel |first1=SM |last2=Fawzia |first2=MM |last3=Al-Naqeeb |first3=Niran A |last4=Gouda |first4=Said |last5=Al Awadi |first5=SA |last6=Naguib |first6=KK |date=2005 |title=A morpho-etiological description of congenital limb anomalies |journal=Annals of Saudi Medicine |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=219–227 |doi=10.5144/0256-4947.2005.219 |pmid=16119523 |pmc=6147980 |issn=0256-4947}}</ref>

[[Congenital heart defect]]s include [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[ventricular septal defect]], and [[tetralogy of Fallot]].

Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as [[spina bifida]], [[encephalocele]], and [[anencephaly]]. Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the [[Arnold–Chiari malformation]], the [[Dandy–Walker malformation]], [[hydrocephalus]], [[microencephaly]], [[megalencephaly]], [[lissencephaly]], [[polymicrogyria]], [[holoprosencephaly]], and [[agenesis of the corpus callosum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gaitanis |first1=John |last2=Tarui |first2=Tomo |date=2018 |title=Nervous System Malformations |journal=CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=72–95 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000561 |pmid=29432238 |pmc=6463295 |issn=1080-2371}}</ref>

Congenital anomalies of the [[gastrointestinal system]] include numerous forms of [[stenosis]] and [[atresia]], and perforation, such as [[gastroschisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-31 |title=Congenital Anomalies of the Digestive System |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/congenital-anomalies-of-digestive-system.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031154232/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/congenital-anomalies-of-digestive-system.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract-cakut|publisher=UpToDate – Wolters Kluer Health|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=27 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627062629/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract-cakut|url-status=live}}</ref>

Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Sanjay |last2=Chen |first2=Feng |date=2018-12-01 |title=Developmental pathology of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies |journal=Clinical Kidney Journal |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=382–399 |doi=10.1093/ckj/sfy112 |issn=2048-8505 |pmc=6543978 |pmid=31198539}}</ref>