Editing Bob Shrum (section)

===Political consultant===

====Non-presidential campaigns====
In 1976, Shrum began work as a political consultant, designing campaign advertising and message strategy for Democratic candidates at the presidential, congressional, and gubernatorial levels, partnering with [[Patrick Caddell|Pat Caddell]] and David Doak. Their first client was [[Gerald Baliles|Jerry Baliles]], who was running to succeed [[Chuck Robb]] as governor of Virginia.

The partnership with Pat Caddell dissolved in 1986, and Doak and Shrum continued to work together through a new firm for nine years. During their partnership, they served as strategic consultants and ad-makers for the successful campaigns of [[Bob Casey Sr.|Bob Casey]] for Governor of Pennsylvania, [[Alan Cranston]] for reelection to the Senate in California, and [[Barbara Mikulski]] for Senate in Maryland. Mikulski would go on to become the first woman who was elected to the Senate who did not have a husband or father who served in high political office.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVtFJ5tvINsC&q=almanac+of+american+politics+mikulski&pg=PA308|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|last=Ford|first=Lynne E.|date=2010-05-12|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438110325|language=en}}</ref>

The firm continued to grow, acquiring new partners such as Peter Harris, Michelle Carrier, and [[Mike Donilon]], while political consultants [[Joe Trippi]] and [[Steve McMahon (consultant)|Steve McMahon]] began their media consulting careers at the firm.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/noexcusesconcess00shru|url-access=registration|quote=Joe trippi.|title=No Excuses: Concessions of a Serial Campaigner|last=Shrum|first=Robert|date=2007-06-05|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781416545583|language=en}}</ref>

Doak, Shrum, and Associates worked on the following campaigns, among others:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/noexcusesconcess00shru|url-access=registration|quote=No excuses shrum.|title=No Excuses: Concessions of a Serial Campaigner|last=Shrum|first=Robert|date=2007-06-05|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781416545583|language=en}}</ref>
* The reelection of United States Senator [[Alan Cranston]] in 1986 
* [[Ted Kennedy|Ted Kennedy's]] United States Senate campaign in 1988 
* [[David Dinkins]] for mayor of [[New York City|New York]] in 1989 
* The reelection of United States Senator [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]] 
* [[David Walters]] for Governor of Oklahoma
* [[Zell Miller]] for Governor of Georgia
* [[Dick Gephardt|Richard Gephardt]] for election to Congress and Presidential bid
* The reelection of [[Denver]] mayor [[Federico Peña]]
* [[Art Agnos]] for mayor of [[San Francisco]]
* [[Tom Bradley (American politician)|Tom Bradley]] for mayor of [[Los Angeles]]
* [[Alex Penelas]] for mayor of Miami-Dade County
* The reelection of Chicago mayor [[Harold Washington]]
* The reelection of Philadelphia mayor [[Wilson Goode]]
* [[John D. Waihee III]] for Governor of Hawaii
* [[Bob Kerrey]] for President in 1992
* [[John Glenn]] for United States Senate
In 1995, following the dissolution of Doak, Shrum, and Associates, Shrum partnered with [[Tad Devine]] and [[Mike Donilon]]. Devine, Donilon, and Shrum's firm went on to work for the following campaigns:<ref name=":0" />
* Reelection of New York mayor [[David Dinkins]] (lost)
* Reelection of [[Ted Kennedy]] against [[Mitt Romney]] for United States Senate
* Reelection of Senator [[Chuck Robb]] from Virginia to the United States Senate
* Election of [[Herb Kohl]] to United States Senator from Wisconsin, and his reelection campaign in 1994
* Reelection of [[Tom Foley]], Congressman from Washington (lost)
* [[Jane Harman]] for Congress in 1992, 1994, and 1996
* Reelection of United States Senator [[John Kerry]] from Massachusetts
* Reelection of [[Joseph P. Kennedy II]], congressman from Massachusetts
* Reelection of United States Senator [[Tom Harkin]] from Iowa
* Election of [[Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)|Jack Reed]] for United States Senator from Rhode Island
* Election of [[Robert Torricelli]] for United States Senator from New Jersey
* Reelection of Congresswoman [[Louise Slaughter]] from New York's 25th district
* [[Parris Glendening]] for governor of Maryland
* [[Joe Lieberman]] for United States Senate
* [[Paul Sarbanes]] for reelection to the United States Senate
* [[Jon Corzine]] for United States Senate
* [[Bill Nelson]] for United States Senate
* [[Mark Dayton]] for United States Senate
* [[Ray Mabus]] for governor of Mississippi 
* [[Bob Casey Jr.]] for [[Pennsylvania Auditor General|Auditor General of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Frank Lautenberg]] for United States Senate
* [[Chris Dodd]] for United States Senate
* [[Harris Wofford]] for United States Senate
* [[Joe Biden]] for United States Senate
* [[Bernie Sanders]] for Congress
* [[Bill White (Texas politician)|Bill White]] for mayor of Houston

====Presidential campaigns====
In 1986, Shrum began work as a political consultant, designing campaign advertising and message strategy for Democratic candidates at the presidential, congressional, and gubernatorial levels. He worked for the [[Dick Gephardt]] campaign during the 1988 Democratic primaries, including Gephardt's surprise victory in the Iowa caucus, but after Gephardt's defeat, Shrum helped Democratic nominee [[Michael Dukakis]] in preparing for his debates against Vice President George Bush. Dukakis lost the [[1988 United States presidential election|general election]].

In 1992, Shrum worked for Nebraska Senator [[Bob Kerrey]], who was defeated for the nomination by [[Bill Clinton]].

In 2000, Shrum helped [[Al Gore]] beat back a primary challenge from former New Jersey Senator [[Bill Bradley]], and win the Democratic nomination. Gore won the popular vote in the November [[2000 United States presidential election|presidential election]] versus [[George W. Bush]], but lost the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral vote]].

In 2004, Shrum worked on [[John Kerry]]'s campaign, guiding him to a victory in the crucial Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary, and soon after, the Democratic presidential nomination, only for Kerry to be defeated in the [[2004 United States presidential election|general election]] by [[George W. Bush]].

Critics often point out Shrum's long losing streak, since he has yet to claim victory for any of his candidates in eight presidential elections.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A9895-2004Sep9.html Washington Post 9 September 2004]</ref>

'''Foreign campaigns'''

Shrum has also consulted on a number of foreign campaigns, including as a strategic advisor for the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] elections from 1989 to 2005,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/1600/shrum-named-warschaw-chair-in-practical-politics/|title=Shrum Named Warschaw Chair in Practical Politics > News > USC Dornsife|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en}}</ref> [[Ehud Barak]]'s campaign for Israeli prime minister against [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in 1999 and 2001, the [[Fianna Fáil|Irish Republican Party Fianna Fáil]] in the 1997 and 2002 national elections, and the successful [[Bolivia]]n presidential campaigns of [[Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada]] in 1993 and 2002.