Editing Body image (section)

=== Men ===
Similarly, media depictions idealizing a muscular physique have led to body dissatisfaction among young men. As many as 45% of teenage boys may suffer from [[body dysmorphic disorder]] (BDD), a mental illness whereby an individual compulsively focuses on self-perceived bodily flaws.<ref name=":18" /> Men may also suffer from [[muscle dysmorphia]] and may incessantly pursue muscularity without ever becoming fully satisfied with their physiques.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mosley|first=Philip E.|s2cid=20128770|date=May 1, 2009|title=Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia|journal=European Eating Disorders Review|volume=17|issue=3|pages=191–198|doi=10.1002/erv.897|pmid=18759381|issn=1099-0968}}</ref>

Research shows that the greatest impact on men's criticism of their bodies comes from their male peers, including likeminded individuals or potentially people they admire who are around the same age, as opposed to romantic partners, female peers, or male relatives like fathers or brothers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=L |title=Appearance-based praise and criticism: does the source matter? |journal=Communication Research Reports |date=2020 |volume=37 |issue=4 |page=149 |doi=10.1080/08824096.2020.1796616|s2cid=229392378 }}</ref> 18% of adolescent males were most worried about their weights and physiques (Malcore, 2016); 29% frequently thought about their appearances.;<ref name=":18" /> 50% had recently complained about the way they looked.<ref name=":18" /> 25% of males report having been teased about their weight,<ref name=":18" /> while 33% specify social media as the source for self-consciousness.<ref name=":18" /> Following celebrities on social media sites makes it possible to interact personally with celebrities, which has been shown to influence male body image.<ref name="HoLee2016">{{cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Shirley S.|last2=Lee|first2=Edmund W. J.|last3=Liao|first3=Youqing|title=Social Network Sites, Friends, and Celebrities: The Roles of Social Comparison and Celebrity Involvement in Adolescents' Body Image Dissatisfaction|journal=Social Media + Society|volume=2|issue=3|year=2016|pages=205630511666421|issn=2056-3051|doi=10.1177/2056305116664216|doi-access=free}}</ref> A number of respondents also admitted to being affected by negative body talk from others. 53% of boys cited advertisements as a "major source of pressure to look good; [though] social media (57%) and friends (68%) exerted more influence, while celebrities (49%) were slightly less persuasive".<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Ads add to boys' body-image pressure |url=https://www.warc.com/NewsAndOpinion/News/Ads_add_to_boys_bodyimage_pressure/37212 |access-date=November 1, 2017 |publisher=WARC}}</ref> 22% of adolescent boys thought that the ideals depicted by the media were aspirational, while 33% called them healthy.<ref name=":19" />

The ideal male body is perceived to feature a narrow waist and hips, broad shoulders, a well-developed upper body, [and] toned "six-pack" abs.<ref name=":16" /> The figure may be traced back to an idealized male doll, [[G.I. Joe]]. The "bulked-up action heroes, along with the brawny characters in many video games, present an anatomically impossible ideal for boys, much as Barbie promotes proportions that are physically impossible for girls."<ref name="Adams2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/17/body-image-boys_n_5637975.html|title=It's Not Just Girls. Boys Struggle With Body Image, Too.|last=Adams|first=Rebecca|date=September 17, 2014|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> Boys who are exposed to depictions of muscular warriors who solve problems with their fists may internalize the lesson that aggression and muscles are essential to masculinity.<ref name="Adams2014" />

Some studies have reported a higher incidence of body dissatisfaction among Korean boys and girls than among boys and girls living in the United States,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1077727X06286419 | volume=34 | issue=4 | title=Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self-Schema, Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women | journal=Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal | pages=350–365 | last1 = Jung | first1 = J.| year=2006 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last1=Jung |first1=J |last2=Forbes |first2=GB |last3=Lee |first3=Y |title=Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating among Early Adolescents from Korea and the U.S. |journal=Sex Roles |date=2009 |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=42–54 |doi=10.1007/s11199-009-9609-5 |s2cid=144938127 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225871728}}</ref> while noting that these studies fail to control for the slimmer and smaller size of Koreans as compared with Westerners.<ref>{{harvnb|Jung|Forbes|Lee|2009|p=44|ps=: "Unfortunately, the available studies are difficult to interpret because most of them have one or more important limitations. First, comparison groups from other cultures have been absent from most studies. This means it is extremely difficult to identify cross-cultural differences. Second, most studies have failed to control for body size. Because body dissatisfaction is related to body size(Grogan 1999), and Korean and other East Asian groups typically have bodies that are smaller and slimmer than Western bodies (Jung and Lee 2006), controls for body size are essential."}}</ref> A cross-cultural analysis of the United States and South Korea focusing on social media found that between South Korean men and American men, Korean men are more concerned with their body image in relation to their social media use.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=H-R |display-authors=etal |title=Social media use, body image, and psychological well-being: A cross-cultural comparison of Korea and the United States. |journal=Journal of Health Communication |date=2014 |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1343–1358 |doi=10.1080/10810730.2014.904022|pmid=24814665 |s2cid=10273278 }} "While social media use for self-status seeking is not related to body image in the United States, it is positively related to body image in Korea. Koreans who actively posted messages and pictures on various websites and blogs have a better body image than those who did not. Americans whose perceptions and attitudes are more deter-mined by internal attributes (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) are relatively free from the external influence of other people’s opinions in terms of their own body image. Although Americans use social media for self-status more than Koreans do, their social media use is not associated with their body image. In contrast, as they desire to live up to the social standards of body image (White & Lehman, 2005), Koreans are concerned with how others’ perceive them and require approval from others regarding their body image."</ref>

Teenage boys may participate in extreme workouts and weight training, and may abuse supplements and steroids to further increase muscle mass. In 2016, 10.5% acknowledged the use of muscle-enhancing substances,<ref name=":18" /> while 5 to 6% of respondents admitted to the use of steroids.<ref name=":18" /> Although dieting is often overlooked, a significant increase in eating disorders is present among men. Currently, males account for 1 in 4 of those suffering from eating disorders,<ref name=":18" /> while 31% have admitted to [[Purging disorder|purging]] or [[binge eating]] in the past.<ref name=":18" />

Men often desire up to 26 pounds of additional muscle mass.<ref name="Simon and Schuster">{{cite book|last1=Pope|first1=Harrison|last2=Phillips|first2=Katharine A. |last3=Olivardia|first3=Roberto |title=The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo-LHyyIy_kC&pg=PA27|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86910-0}}</ref> Men who endorse traditional masculine ideas are more likely to desire additional muscle.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCreary|first1=Donald R.|last2=Saucier|first2=Deborah M.|last3=Courtenay|first3=Will H.|s2cid=53535560|title=The Drive for Muscularity and Masculinity: Testing the Associations Among Gender-Role Traits, Behaviors, Attitudes, and Conflict.|journal=Psychology of Men & Masculinity|volume=6| issue=2|year=2005|pages=83–94|issn=1939-151X|doi=10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kimmel|first1=Sara B.|first2=James R.|last2=Mahalik|title=Measuring masculine body ideal distress: Development of a measure|journal=International Journal of Men's Health|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–10|year=2004|url=http://mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/download/433/pdf_105|access-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008095650/http://mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/download/433/pdf_105|archive-date=October 8, 2015|url-status=dead|doi=10.3149/jmh.0301.1|doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The connection between masculinity and muscle can be traced to [[classical antiquity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sideris |first=A.|url=https://www.academia.edu/481380|title=The Athletic Body: Image and Power|journal=Imeros|volume=5|issue=1|year= 2005|pages= 287–308}}</ref>

Men with lower, more feminine [[waist–hip ratio]]s (WHR) feel less comfortable and self-report lower body esteem and [[self-efficacy]] than men with higher, more masculine, WHRs.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Pazhoohi| first1=Farid| last2=Hosseinchari|first2=M.|last3=Doyle|first3=J. F.|title=Iranian men's waist-to-hip ratios, shoulder-to-hip ratios, body esteem and self-efficacy|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Psychology| volume=10| issue=2| year=2012| pages=61–67|issn=1789-2082|doi=10.1556/JEP.10.2012.2.2}}</ref>