Editing Bronchodilator (section)

==Other==
Available in oral and injectable form, [[theophylline]] is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class [[methylxanthine]]s (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1–4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|acid reflux]], also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing [[erythromycin]], can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline and change its effectiveness. A physician should monitor dosage levels to meet each patient's profile and needs.

Additionally, some [[psychostimulant]] drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as [[amphetamine]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720082430/http://www.medic8.com/medicines/Amphetamine.html Amphetamine] is listed as having medical uses as bronchodilator. Medic8</ref> [[methamphetamine]], and [[cocaine]],<ref>{{cite book | first = Dominic | last = Streatfeild | name-list-style = vanc | title = Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ceLzaeHsZAC&pg=PA110 | access-date = 14 February 2011 | date = 17 June 2003 | publisher = Macmillan | isbn = 978-0-312-42226-4 | pages = 110 }}</ref> have bronchodilating effects and were used often for [[asthma]] due to the lack of effective β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists for use as bronchodilator, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilatory effects.

Gaseous [[carbon dioxide]] also relaxes airway musculature: [[hypocapnia]] caused by deliberate [[hyperventilation]] increases respiratory resistance while [[hypercapnia]] induced by carbon dioxide inhalation reduces it;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van den Elshout |first1=F. J. |last2=van Herwaarden |first2=C. L. |last3=Folgering |first3=H. T. |date=January 1991 |title=Effects of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on respiratory resistance in normal and asthmatic subjects. |journal=Thorax |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |doi=10.1136/thx.46.1.28 |issn=0040-6376 |pmc=1020910 |pmid=1908137}}</ref> however, this bronchodilating effect of carbon dioxide inhalation only lasts 4 to 5 minutes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=H. K. |last2=Hansen |first2=T. A. |date=November 1976 |title=Site of action of inhaled 6 per cent carbon dioxide in the lungs of asthmatic subjects before and after exercise |url=https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/arrd.1976.114.5.86 |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=861–870 |doi=10.1164/arrd.1976.114.5.861 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=0003-0805 |pmid=984580}}</ref> Nonetheless, this observation has inspired the development of [[S-1226]], carbon dioxide-enriched air formulated with [[Nebulizer|nebulized]] [[perflubron]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Francis H. Y. |last2=Leigh |first2=Richard |last3=Fadayomi |first3=Morenike |last4=Lalli |first4=Gurkeet |last5=Chiu |first5=Andrea |last6=Shrestha |first6=Grishma |last7=ElShahat |first7=Sharif G. |last8=Nelson |first8=David Evan |last9=El Mays |first9=Tamer Y. |last10=Pieron |first10=Cora A. |last11=Dennis |first11=John H. |date=2016-07-28 |title=A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers |journal=Trials |volume=17 |pages=361 |doi=10.1186/s13063-016-1489-8 |issn=1745-6215 |pmc=4964056 |pmid=27464582 |doi-access=free }}</ref>