Editing Bulgar language (section)

==Volga Bulgar==
The language spoken by the population of Volga Bulgaria is known as ''Volga-Bulgar''. There are a number of surviving inscriptions in Volga-Bulgar, some of which are written with [[Arabic script|Arabic letters]], alongside the continuing use of [[Orkhon script]]. These are all largely decipherable. That language persisted until the 13th or the 14th century. In that region, it may have ultimately given rise to the [[Chuvash language]], which is most closely related to it<ref name="clark">Clark, Larry. 1998. "Chuvash." In: Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge, p.434</ref> and which is classified as the only surviving member of a separate "[[Oghuric languages|Oghur-Turkic]]" (or Lir-Turkic) branch of the Turkic languages, to which Bulgar is also considered to have belonged (see above).<ref name="brit" /><ref name="campbell" /><ref name="chuvash">{{cite web |title=Формирование болгарской (древнечувашской) народности |url=http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/1046/1053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023541/https://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/1046/1053 |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> Still, the precise position of Chuvash within the [[Oghuric languages|Oghur]] family of languages is a matter of dispute among linguists. Since the comparative material attributable to the extinct members of [[Oghuric languages|Oghuric]] ([[Khazar language|Khazar]] and Bulgar) is scant, little is known about any precise interrelation of these languages and it is a matter of dispute whether Chuvash, the only "Lir"-type language with sufficient extant linguistic material, might be the daughter language of any of these or just a sister branch.<ref name="johanson" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar<ref name=":3">HAKIMZJANOV, F. S. "NEW VOLGA BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 40, no. 1, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986, pp. 173–77, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/23657681].</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Tekin|first=Talât|url=http://kutuphane.akmb.gov.tr/opac/details?id=46293&materialType=BK&query=Volga+Bulgar+Kitabeleri+ve+Volga+Bulgarcas%C4%B1|title=Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi|year=1988|isbn=978-9-751600-660|place=Ankara|pages=30–38}}</ref><ref name=":2">A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas</ref><ref name=":0">Unpublished Volga Bulgarian inscriptions A. H. Khalikov and J. G. Muhametshin</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар|url=http://bulgarizdat.ru/index.php/book1/article1-1|access-date=2021-08-24|website=bulgarizdat.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_numerals|access-date=2021-08-24|website=en.wiktionary.org|date=31 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic/History_of_Proto-Turkic_language|access-date=2021-08-24|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en}}</ref>
!
!Volga Bulgar – البلغَاڔِى
!Chuvash – Чӑвашла<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/chuvash.htm|title = Numbers in Chuvash}}</ref>
!Proto-Turkic
!
!Volga Bulgar – البلغَاڔِى
!Chuvash – Чӑвашла
!Proto-Turkic
|-
|one
|بیر (bīr)
|пӗр (pĕr)
|''*bīr''
|monument
|بَلُو (belüv)
|палӑк (palăk)
|''*belig''
|-
|two
|اَكِ (eki)
|иккӗ (ikkĕ)
|''*ẹki''
|water
|شِو (šïv)
|шыв (šyv)
|''*sub''
|-
|three
|وج (v<sup>e</sup>č)
|виççӗ (viśśĕ)
|''*üč''
|son
|اَول (av<sup>ï</sup>l)
|ывӑл (yvăl)
|''*ogul''
|-
|four
|تُوات (tüvet)
|тăваттă (tăvattă)
|''*tȫrt''
|daughter
|هِير (hīr)
|хӗр (hĕr)
|''*kï̄ŕ''
|-
|five
|بيال (b<sup>i</sup>yel)
|пиллӗк (pillĕk)
|''*bẹ̄ĺ(k)''
|day
|كُوَان (küven ''or'' kön)
|кун (kun)
|''*kün''
|-
|six
|اَلطِ (altï)
|улттӑ (ulttă)
|''*altï''
|week
|ايرنى (ērne)
|эрне (erne)
|''(from Persian آدینه (âdine''))
|-
|seven
|جیَاتِ (čyeti)
|ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ)
|''*yẹti''
|month
|اَيخ (ay<sup>ï</sup>x)
|уйӑх (ujăh)
|''*āń(k)''
|-
|eight
|سَكِر (sekir)
|саккӑр (sakkăr)
|''*sekiŕ''
|year
|جال (čal)
|ҫул (śul)
|''*yāĺ''
|-
|nine
|طُخِر (tuxïr)
|тӑххӑр (tăhhăr)
|''*tokuŕ''
|history
|تَارِيخ (tārix)
|истори (istori)
|''(from Arabic تَارِيخ (tārīḵ))''
|-
|ten
|وان (van)
|вуннӑ (vunnă)
|''*ōn''
|to become
|بَل (bal)
|пул (pul)
|''*bōl-''
|-
|twenty
|جِيِرم (čiyir<sup>i</sup>m)
|ҫирӗм (śirĕm)
|''*yẹgirmi''
|to do, make
|طَن (ta-n)
|ту (tu)
| -
|-
|thirty
|وطر (v<sup>u</sup>t<sup>u</sup>r)
|вӑтӑр (vătăr)
|''*otuŕ''
|to go
|بَر (bar)
|пыр (pyr)
|''*bar-''
|-
|forty
|حرح (x<sup>ï</sup>r<sup>ï</sup>x)
|хӗрӗх (hĕrĕh)
|''*kïrk''
|to love
|سَو (sev)
|сав (sav)
|''*seb-''
|-
|fifty
|الو (el<sup>lü</sup>v), اَلُّ (ellü)
|аллӑ (allă)
|''*ellig''
|to die
|وَل (vel)
|вил (vil)
|''*öl-''
|-
|hundred
|جُور (čǖr)
|ҫӗр (śĕr)
|''*yǖŕ''
|to migrate
|كُوَج (küveč ''or'' köč)
|куҫ (kuś)
|''*köč-''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cases in Volga Bulgar<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
!Case
!Volga Bulgar
!Examples in words
|-
|Genitive
| -∅ ''or'' -(ı)n
|''اَغَان (ağā-n), يغقوُتن (yaquut-ın)''
|-
|Accusative
| -ne/na
|''مَسجِدسَمنَ (mesčidsem-ne)''
|-
|Dative-locative
| -a/e ''and'' -ne/na
|''اِشنَ (iš-ne), بَجنَ (bač-na), جَالَ (čāl-a)''
|-
|Ablative
| -ran, -ren; -tan, -ten
|''دنيَارَان (d<sup>ö</sup>nyā-ran)''
|-
|Third person possessive
| -i, -ı; -si, -sı
|هِيرِ ''(hīr-i), اِلغِجِسِ (ılğıčı-sı)''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
!Tenses and moods
!Volga Bulgar
!Examples in words
|-
|Past tense
| -ti/tı, -ri/rı
|''وَلتِ (vel-ti)''
|-
|Past tense 2
| -ruvı/rüvi (<*-dugı), -tuvı/tüvi (<*-tugı)
|''كُوَجروُي (küveč-rüvi), بلطُوى (bal-tuvı)''
|-
|Adjective form of verb
| -an/en
|''طَنَان (tan-an), سَوَان (sev-en)''
|-
|Adverb form of verb
| -sa/se
|''بَرسَ (bar-sa)''
|-
|Third person imperative
| -tur/tür
|طَنْطُرْ (tan-tur)''
|}