Editing CSS Shenandoah (section)

==Surrender==
[[File:Lieutenant John Grimball (1840-1922) of C.S.S. Shenandoah, Confederate Navy (A).jpg|thumb|Lieutenant John Grimball (1840–1922) of CSS ''Shenandoah'' by [[Georges Penabert]], a French photographer]]
[[File:Rip Van Waddell.jpg|thumb|Editorial cartoon satirizing Lt. Cmdr [[James Iredell Waddell|James Waddell]] for still engaging in combat after the American Civil War was widely regarded as over]]
[[File:River Mersey in 1962.jpg|thumb|The River Mersey with Liverpool on the right bank. CSS ''Shenandoah'' surrendered approximately where the ship is in mid-river. The open sea is to the top.]]
[[File:Liverpool Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 374412.jpg|thumb|Liverpool Town Hall. The last act of the Civil War was Captain Waddell walking up the steps.]]
Regardless of Davis's proclamation and knowing the unreliability of newspapers at the time, Captain Waddell and his crew knew returning to a U.S. port would mean facing a court sympathetic to the Union. News of [[Lincoln's assassination]] also served to further diminish any expectation for leniency. The crew predicted that surrendering to federal authorities would run the risk of being tried in a U.S. court and hanged as pirates.{{discuss|Article assessment}} Commerce raiders were not included in the reconciliation and the amnesty that Confederate soldiers were given. Perhaps more importantly, Waddell would have been aware that the U.S. government no longer had to consider the threat of Confederate retaliation against Union prisoners while it determined his crew's fate. Likely not known to Waddell was that Captain Raphael Semmes of {{ship|CSS|Alabama}} had managed to escape charges of piracy by surrendering on May 1, 1865, as an army general under [[Joseph E. Johnston]]. Semmes's former sailors surrendered as artillerymen.<ref>"The Pursuit p 123"</ref>

Captain Waddell eventually decided to surrender his ship at the port of Liverpool, where Confederate Commander Bulloch was stationed.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}

===Last lowering of Confederate flag===
CSS ''Shenandoah'' sailed from off the west coast of Mexico via [[Cape Horn]] to Liverpool, a voyage of three months and over {{convert|9000|nmi|mi km}} and was all the while pursued by Union vessels. She anchored at the Mersey Bar at the mouth of the estuary awaiting a pilot to board her to guide the ship up the river and into the enclosed docks. The pilot refused to take the ship, which was not flying any flag, into Liverpool; the crew raised the [[Flags of the Confederate States of America#Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)|Confederate flag]]. CSS ''Shenandoah'' sailed up the River Mersey with the flag fully flying to crowds on the riverbanks.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}

The ''[[Liverpool Mercury]]'' reported the event on Tuesday, 7 November 1865:

{{blockquote|THE CONFEDERATE CRUISER SHENANDOAH IN THE MERSEY.

Considerable excitement was caused on 'Change yesterday morning by circulation of the report that the Confederate cruiser Shenandoah, of whose exploits amongst the American whalers in the North Pacific so much has been heard, was passed about 8 o'clock by the steamer Douglas at anchor at [[Liverpool Bar|the bar]], of Victoria Channel, apparently waiting for high water. By many the report was discredited, it being thought that those on board the Douglas were in error, and had mistaken some other craft for the celebrated ex-Confederate cruiser. At half past ten, however, all doubts on the point were set at rest, with the Shenandoah steaming up the Victoria Channel with the [[Palmetto flag]] flying from her masthead.<ref name="whenliverpoolwasdixie.org.uk"/>}}

{{HMS|Donegal|1858|6}} happened to be anchored in mid-river between Toxteth in Liverpool and Tranmere in Birkenhead. Captain Waddell maneuvered his ship near to the British man-of-war, dropping anchor. CSS ''Shenandoah'' was surrendered by Captain Waddell to Captain Paynter of HMS ''Donegal'' on 6 November 1865. The Confederate flag was lowered again for the last time, under the watch of a [[Royal Navy]] detachment and the crew.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}

CSS ''Shenandoah'' had struck her colors twice. This marked the last surrender of the American Civil War and the last official lowering of the Confederate flag. The very last act of the Civil War was Captain Waddell walking up the steps of [[Liverpool Town Hall]] with a letter to present to the mayor surrendering his ship to the UK government.<ref name="whenliverpoolwasdixie.org.uk"/> ''Shenandoah'' was the only Confederate warship to circumnavigate the globe.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}

The United States Naval War Records published in 1894:

{{blockquote|''The Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion''

November 5 – Arrived in the Mersey, off Liverpool, and on Monday, the 6th, surrendered the Shenandoah to the British nation, by letter to [[Lord John Russell]], premier of Great Britain. (signed) JAMES I WADDELL.<ref>United States Government Printing Office, 1894</ref>}}

After the surrender, CSS ''Shenandoah'' was berthed in the partially constructed [[Herculaneum Dock]] awaiting her fate. Once the international legalities were settled, she was turned over to the United States government.<ref>[http://www.americancivilwar.org.uk/news_css-alabama-crew-of-the-british-isles_32.htm The confederate surrender] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928050330/http://www.americancivilwar.org.uk/news_css-alabama-crew-of-the-british-isles_32.htm |date=2006-09-28 }}</ref>

===Fate of the crew===
After the surrender of ''Shenandoah'' to the British government, a decision had to be made of what to do with the Confederate crew, knowing the consequences of piracy charges. Clearly many of the crew originated from the United Kingdom and its colonies and were at risk of being considered pirates, and three had swum ashore in the cold November waters fearing the worst.<ref>"Last Flag Down"</ref>

After a full investigation by law officers of the Crown, it was decided that the officers and crew did not infringe the rules of war or the laws of nations to justify being held as prisoners, so they were unconditionally released.

{{blockquote|Liverpool Mercury Thursday 9th Nov. 1865.

THE SHENANDOAH. PAROLE OF THE CREW.

The government have at length taken a decided step in regard to the crew of this vessel. For the last two days the authorities in Liverpool have been in communication with the Secretary of State in reference to the detention of the ship and her crew. The Government seem to have been decided as to the necessity of retaining the vessel, pending an inquiry as to the action which her commander and crew have taken during the last few months, but there seems to have been some doubt as to the proper course to adopt with reference to the men on board. On inquiry at the Custom House yesterday morning, we were informed that the authorities had not received further instructions as to the vessel or her crew.

However, about 6 o'clock last night a telegram was received from Government by Captain Paynter, of her Majesty's ship Donegal, to whom the Shenandoah was surrendered, that the whole of the officers and crew, who were not British subjects were to be immediately paroled. Captain Paynter immediately proceeded to the [[Rock Ferry]] slip, and applied for a steamboat. The Rock Ferry steamer Bee was placed at his disposal by Mr. Thwaites, in which he immediately proceeded alongside the Shenandoah. Captain Paynter went on board and communicated to the officers the object of his visit. The crew were mustered on the quarterdeck by the officers of the ship, the roll book was brought out, and the names of the men called out as they occurred. As each man answered to his name he was asked what countryman he was. In not one instance did any of them acknowledge to be British citizens. Many nations were represented among them, but the majority claimed to be natives of the Southern States of America or "Southern citizens". Several of those however, who purported to be Americans, had an unmistakably Scotch accent, and seemed more likely to have hailed from the banks of the Clyde than the Mississippi. Captain Paynter informed the men that by order of the Government they were all paroled, and might proceed at once to shore. This intelligence was received by the men with every demonstration of joy, and they seemed to be delighted at the prospect of leaving the craft in which they had hoped to be able to assist the Southern Confederacy. They commenced to pack up their bedding and other articles as fast as possible, and conveyed on board the Bee, which was to take them to the landing stage. Before leaving the vessel, however, they gave three lusty cheers, for Captain Waddell, their late commander. Captain Waddell, in feeling terms, acknowledged the compliment, and said that he hoped the men would always behave themselves, as brave sailors ought to do. The men then went aboard the Bee, and were conveyed to the landing stage. This separated the Shenandoah and her crew, and the vessel now rides at anchor in the [[Sloyne]] in charge of some men from the Donegal, under the command of Lieutenant Cheek.<ref name="whenliverpoolwasdixie.org.uk"/>}}

[[Lieutenant commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] [[James Iredell Waddell|James I. Waddell]] of North Carolina
{{div col}}
*[[First Lieutenant#U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard|First Lieutenant]] and Executive Officer, W.C. Whittle* of Virginia
*[[Lieutenant#Lieutenant|Lieutenant]] John Grimball of South Carolina
*Lieutenant Sidney Smith Lee* Jr. of Virginia
*Lieutenant Francis Thornton Chew of Missouri
*Lieutenant Dabney Minor Scales of Mississippi
*[[Sailing Master#United States Navy|Sailing Master]] Irvine S. Bulloch of Georgia
*[[Ensign (rank)#United States|Passed Midshipman]] Orris Applewaith Browne* of Virginia
*Passed Midshipman John Thompson Mason* of Virginia
*[[Surgeon]] Charles E. Lining of South Carolina
*Assistant Surgeon F.J. McNulty of District of Columbia
*[[Paymaster]] William Breedlove Smith of Louisiana
*[[Chief Engineer]] M. O'Brien of Louisiana
*[[First Assistant Engineer|Assistant Engineer]] Codd of Maryland
* Assistant Marine Engineer John Hutchison of Scotland
*[[Master's mate#US Navy|Master's mate]] John Minor of Virginia
*Master's Mate Lodge Colton of Maryland
*Master's Mate Cornelius E. Hunt of Virginia
*[[Boatswain's Mate (United States Navy)|Boatswain]] George Harwood of England
*Gunner Guy of England
*[[Carpenter (occupation)#Types and occupations|Carpenter]] O'Shea of Ireland
*[[Sailmaker]] Henry Alcott of England
{{div col end}}

Sometime in December 1865, crew members S.S. Lee, Orris M. Brown, John T. Mason and W.C. Whittle sailed from Liverpool to [[Buenos Aires]], via Bahia, [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Montevideo]]. After prospecting for a while, they went to [[Rosario]], upon [[Paraná River]], and near there bought a small place and began farming.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} As the animosity of the US government began to soften towards them, Brown and Mason returned home, followed later by Lee and Whittle.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}

On returning home, Mason took a law course at the [[University of Virginia]], graduated, and was successful at his profession. He settled in Baltimore, and married Miss Helen Jackson, of New York, daughter of the late Lieutenant Alonzo Jackson of the [[U.S. Navy]].<ref name="tribute">{{cite web|url=http://www.csa-dixie.com/liverpool_dixie/whittle.htm|title=Tribute by Capt. W. C. Whittle CSN to John T. Mason and the Shenandoah|date=October 1904|work=The Cruise of the CSS Shenandoah|publisher=Southern Crossroads|access-date=24 January 2010|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207142401/http://csa-dixie.com/liverpool_dixie/whittle.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Whittle returned home to Virginia from Buenos Aires in 1867. Born in [[Norfolk, Virginia]] in 1840, an 1858 graduate of the [[U.S. Naval Academy]] and an officer in the U.S. Navy before resigning his commission to accept a commission in the [[Confederate States Navy]], Whittle was appointed captain of one of the Bay line steamers running between Baltimore, Norfolk and Portsmouth in 1868 shortly after returning to Virginia and continued in this capacity until 1890. After, he was a Superintendent for the [[Norfolk and Western Railway]] Company. In 1902, he became an organizer of the Virginia Bank and Trust Company, [[Virginia Bank and Trust Building]], and served as its vice president and one of its directors thereafter.<ref>William C. Whittle "The Cruise of the Shenandoah" published in series on March 13 and April 3, 1907 in the Confederate Column of the ''Portsmouth Star''. ''Southern Historical Society Papers''. (1907) (R.A. Brock, Ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Southern Historical Society, Vol. 35, pp. 235–237</ref>

Born in 1824, Captain Waddell was a former U.S. Navy officer with decades of sailing experience and a [[Mexican–American War]] naval combat veteran before resigning his commission to accept a commission in the Confederate States Navy. He returned from England to the United States in 1875 to captain ''San Francisco'' for the Pacific Mail Company. He later took command of a force that policed the oyster fleets in the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. In 1886, Waddell died of a brain disorder and was buried at St. Anne's Episcopal Church in [[Annapolis, Maryland]].<ref>''Dictionary of North Carolina Biography''. (1996). (William S. Powell, Ed.). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, Vol. 6, p. 106 {{ISBN|0-8078-2225-6}}</ref>

Dr. Frederick J. McNulty, the ship's assistant surgeon, eventually became a resident of [[Boston, Massachusetts]], where he was first employed as Superintendent of the City Lunatic Asylum at Austin Farm and, later, opened there a private sanitarium called Pine Grove Retreat at [[Roslindale]] while continuing to reside at 706 Huntington Avenue, Boston. He became a primary historical source for chroniclers of the actions of ''Shenandoah''. Whittle recounts that McNulty, a man of irascible temper, laid the ship's barber out with a single blow when the barber shoved shaving soap in his mouth as part of the crew's hazing of the ship's officers in celebration of crossing the equator. McNulty enlisted as a surgical officer in the Chilean Navy immediately after the surrender of ''Shenandoah'' and later in 1869 accepted a commission in the Cuban Patriot Army, but was repeatedly prevented from traveling to join the Army by U.S. government authorities before settling in Boston in 1879. McNulty is variously reported to have been a native of [[Ireland]], the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Richmond, Virginia]], but was most likely Irish. He graduated from the [[Georgetown University School of Medicine]] in the District of Columbia and lived in Richmond, Virginia before resigning his commission in the medical service of the U.S. Navy to accept a commission in the Confederate States Navy. McNulty died at his home in Boston on June 14, 1897, at the age of 62.<ref>''Medical Record'' Vol. 51, No. 25, June 19, 1897, "Obituary Notes Dr. Frederick J. McNulty", p. 884 (Google digitized Dec. 11, 2013)</ref><ref>William C. Whittle "The Cruise of the Shenandoah", published in series on March 13 and April 3, 1907 in Confederate Column of the ''Portsmouth Star''. ''Southern Historical Society Papers''. (1907) (R.A. Brock, Ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Southern Historical Society, Vol. 35, p. 243, 247 (Google digitized Dec. 17, 2007).</ref><ref>James Riley "The Shenandoah" as recounted to the author by Dr. F.J. McNulty and originally published in the Atlanta ''Constitution'', November, 1893, ''Southern Historical Papers''. (1893). (R.A. Brock, Ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Southern Historical Society, Vol. 21, p. 165-176 (Google digitized January 5, 2008)</ref><ref>''Eleventh Annual Report of the State Board of Lunacy and Charity of Massachusetts''. 1890. Public Doc. No. 17. Boston, Massachusetts: Wright & Potter, p. 43 (Google digitized Dec. 2, 2008)</ref><ref>''Confederate Veteran'', Vol. 12, No. 10, October, 1904, Nashville, Tennessee, "The Cruise of the Shenandoah" pp. 489–490</ref>