Editing CS gas (section)

== Effects ==
[[File:Tear gas shells used in istanbul in 2013.jpg|250px|thumb|CS gas shells used in Taksim Gezi Park, Istanbul in May 2013]]
Many types of tear gas and other riot control agents have been produced with effects ranging from mild tearing of the eyes to immediate [[nausea|vomiting]] and [[prostration]]. [[CN gas|CN]] and CS are the most widely used and known, but around 15 different types of tear gas have been developed worldwide, e.g. [[adamsite]] or [[bromoacetone]], CNB, and CNC. CS has become the most popular due to its strong effect. The effect of CS on a person will depend on whether it is packaged as a solution or used as an [[aerosol]]. The size of solution droplets and the size of the CS [[particulate]]s after evaporation are factors determining its effect on the human body.<ref name="Ineffective">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524072325/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/safer_restraint_june2003.pdf Safer Restraint: A report of the conference held in April 2002 at Church House, Westminster]." ''Police Complaints Authority.'' Retrieved on 23 September 2007</ref>

The chemical reacts with moisture on the skin and in the eyes, causing a burning sensation and the immediate forceful and uncontrollable shutting of the eyes. Effects usually include tears streaming from the eyes, profuse coughing, exceptional nasal discharge that is full of mucus, burning in the eyes, eyelids, nose and throat areas, disorientation, dizziness and restricted breathing. It will also burn the skin where sweaty or sunburned. In highly concentrated doses, it can also induce severe coughing and vomiting. Most of the immediate effects wear off within a few hours (such as exceptional nasal discharge and profuse coughing), although respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral symptoms may persist for months.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karagama YG, Newton JR, Newbegin CJ | title = Short-term and long-term physical effects of exposure to CS spray | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 172–4 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12668703 | pmc = 539444 | doi = 10.1177/014107680309600404 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Torgrimson-Ojerio BN, Mularski KS, Peyton MR, Keast EM, Hassan A, Ivlev I | title = Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 803 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33902512 | pmc = 8074355 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-021-10859-w | doi-access = free }}</ref> Excessive exposure can cause chemical burns resulting in permanent scarring.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/4674350.stm "CS spray man 'scarred for life'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124551/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/4674350.stm |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''[[BBC News]].'' 2 February 2006. Retrieved on 23 September 2007</ref>

Adults exposed to tear gas during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon, US also reported menstrual changes (899; 54.5% of 1650 female respondents). Exposure to tear gas is associated with avoidable healthcare utilization.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Torgrimson-Ojerio BN, Mularski KS, Peyton MR, Keast EM, Hassan A, Ivlev I | title = Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 803 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33902512 | pmc = 8074355 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-021-10859-w | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Secondary effects ===
People or objects contaminated with CS gas can cause secondary exposure to others, including healthcare professionals and [[police]]. In addition, repeated exposure may cause [[Sensitization|sensitisation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carron PN, Yersin B | title = Management of the effects of exposure to tear gas | journal = BMJ | volume = 338 | pages = b2283 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19542106 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b2283 | s2cid = 7870564 }}</ref>