Editing Caesaropapism (section)

==In popular culture==
* The [[Investiture Controversy]] between [[John, King of England|King John]] of the [[House of Plantagenet]] and [[Pope Innocent III]], who is represented onstage by Cardinal [[Pandulf Verraccio]] is one of the main [[plotline]]s of [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[stage play]] ''[[King John (play)|The Life and Death of King John]]''. The King and the Cardinal clash over both the appointment of Archbishop [[Stephen Langton]] to the [[Diocese of Canterbury]] and the King's determination to completely dominate and control the internal affairs of the [[Catholic Church in England]]. This, in return, causes the Cardinal to Excommunicate the King and to covertly arrange a [[regime change]] war. Intriguingly, however, once a chastened and humiliated King John grudgingly accepts the independence of the English Church from the State and surrenders his Crown to Cardinal Pandulf, the latter immediately gives the crown back and then becomes a valuable ally in defending England against the very same invasion by [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis of France]] he had previously arranged.
* The alleged [[careerism]] and subservience of [[Anglican clergy]] to multiple contradictory religious beliefs imposed upon their denomination by different English monarchs is satirized in the [[17th-century]] ballad ''[[The Vicar of Bray (song)|The Vicar of Bray]]''.
* The conflict between [[Ivan IV of Russia|Tsar Ivan the Terrible]] and [[Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow|Metropolitan Philip]] is shown onscreen in [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s 1944 film ''[[Ivan the Terrible (1944 film)|Ivan the Terrible]]''.
* [[Robert Bolt]]'s play ''[[A Man for All Seasons (play)|A Man for All Seasons]]'' centers around the efforts of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] and [[Thomas Cromwell]] to coerce the former [[Lord Chancellor of England]], Sir [[Thomas More]], to express approval of the King's claim to control the [[Catholic Church in England and Wales]]. The play has seen multiple revivals and was made into a multi–[[Academy Award]]–winning [[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|1966 feature film]] starring [[Paul Scofield]] and a [[A Man for All Seasons (1988 film)|1988 television movie]] starring [[Charlton Heston]].
* In the BBC [[sitcom]] ''[[Yes, Prime Minister]]'', the episode "[[The Bishop's Gambit]]", which first aired on 20 February 1986, satirizes the damage that the control wielded over the [[Church of England]] by politicians and the [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|British civil service]] continues to have on who gets appointed to the Hierarchy.
* The conflict between [[Ivan IV of Russia|Tsar Ivan the Terrible]] and [[Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow|Metropolitan Philip]] is the primary theme of [[Pavel Lungin]]'s 2009 film ''[[Tsar (film)|Tsar]]''.
* The ''[[Kirchenkampf]]'', or battle within German Protestantism between the [[German Christians (movement)|German Christians]], who embraced [[Nazi ideology]], and the underground [[Confessing Church]], which rejected it, is one of the major plotlines of the 2024 film ''[[Bonhoeffer (film)|Bonhoeffer]]'', directed by [[Todd Komarnicki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-41047430.html|website=echolive.ie|title=Filming in St Fin Barre's: Major movie shoot takes place in cathedral|date=January 13, 2023|accessdate=March 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/bonhoeffer-pastor-spy-assassin-review-angel-studios-1236217613/|title='Bonhoeffer: Pastor. Spy. Assassin.' Review: Angel Studios' Biopic of an Anti-Nazi WWII Hero Seems Unsettlingly Timely|first=Joe|last=Leydon|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 21, 2024|access-date=November 22, 2024}}</ref>