Editing Cardiac catheterization (section)

===Coronary catheterization===
{{Main|Coronary catheterization}}

Coronary catheterization is an invasive process and comes with risks that include stroke, heart attack, and death. Like any procedure, the benefits should outweigh the risks and so this procedure is reserved for those with symptoms of serious heart diseases and is never used for screening purposes. Other, non-invasive tests are better used when the diagnosis or certainty of the diagnosis is not as clear.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Indications for cardiac catheterization include the following:<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Sabatine|editor-first1=Marc S.|title=Pocket medicine|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1608319053|edition=4th}}</ref>
* [[Acute coronary syndrome]]s: ST elevation MI (STEMI), non-ST Elevation MI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina
* Evaluation of [[coronary artery disease]] as indicated by
** Abnormal stress test
** As part of the pre-op evaluation for other cardiac procedures (e.g., valve replacement) as [[coronary artery bypass graft]]ing may be done at the same time
** Risk stratification for high cardiac risk surgeries (e.g., [[endovascular aneurysm repair]])
* Persistent chest pain despite medical therapy thought to be cardiac in origin
* New-onset unexplained heart failure
* Survival of [[sudden cardiac death]] or dangerous cardiac arrhythmias
* Workup of suspected Prinzmetal angina ([[coronary vasospasm]])

Right heart catheterization, along with [[pulmonary function testing]] and other testing should be done to confirm [[pulmonary hypertension]] prior to having [[vasoactive]] [[Antihypertensive drug|pharmacologic treatments]] approved and initiated.<ref name="ACCPandATSfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Chest Physicians |author1-link = American College of Chest Physicians |author2 = American Thoracic Society |author2-link = American Thoracic Society |date = September 2013 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society/ |access-date = 6 January 2013}}</ref>
* to measure intracardiac and [[Circulatory system|intravascular]] [[blood pressure]]s
* to take tissue samples for [[biopsy]]<!--in French, the article literally says "to take blood samples", but that seems like a complicated method just to draw blood. Maybe I'm missing something here.-->
* to inject various agents for measuring blood flow in the heart; also to detect and quantify the presence of an intracardiac [[shunt (medical)|shunt]]
* to inject [[Radiocontrast|contrast agents]] in order to study the shape of the heart vessels and chambers and how they change as the heart beats