Editing Carolinian language (section)

===Late history===
Significant demographic changes occurred in the Carolinian population of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] after the 1850s, especially with the arrival of immigrants from atolls east of [[Satawal]]. Between 1865 and 1868, an English entrepreneur, H.G. Johnson, relocated about 1,500 Carolinians to the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]] to work on plantations in [[Guam]], [[Rota (island)|Rota]], and [[Tinian]]. The removal of these Carolinians from their original islands faced push-back up until the end of the 19th century, with groups such as the Spanish showing disapproval until the Tinian Carolinians eventually moved to [[Saipan]].<ref name="Ellis 2012" />

When the [[United States|Americans]] took control of [[Guam]] in 1898, the Carolinians in Maria Cristina village remained there, despite American efforts to make them abandon their traditional dress. Most migrations that shaped the Carolinian community on [[Saipan]] occurred by 1911, with the most significant influx from outer islands happening between 1905 and 1907. During this period, [[Germany|German]] ships transported hundreds of [[Mortlockese language|Mortlockese]] and other atoll dwellers to Saipan due to typhoon devastation on their home islands. However, this migration had minimal impact on the linguistic traits of the Carolinian language, as the new arrivals were settled away from established Carolinian villages. Many of these islanders eventually returned to their original homes once conditions improved, with only a few remaining on Saipan.<ref name="Ellis 2012" />

Today, Saipan Carolinians are dispersed throughout the island, including in new homestead areas like Kagman, developed by the government on the eastern shore. The 1970s marked the beginning of a reconnection between Saipan Carolinians and their outer-island roots, notably when a navigator made a voyage from the outer islands to Saipan in 1969 after a lapse of 60 to 70 years. However, the overwhelming influence of the [[United States|U.S.]] and global culture, coupled with the introduction of modern media, has profoundly impacted the Carolinian language. While there remains interest in preserving native languages, the realities of modern life pose significant challenges to these efforts.<ref name="Ellis 2012" />