Editing Cavite (section)

===Spanish colonial period===
[[File:Cuenca Ancestral House.jpg|left|thumb|281x281px|Cuenca Ancestral house Bacoor, Cavite]]
The Spanish colonizers who arrived in the late 16th century saw the unusual tongue of land jutting out on [[Manila Bay]] and saw its deep waters as the main staging ground where they could launch their bulky galleons. It would later become the most important port linking the colony to the outside world through the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon]] trade. In 1571, Spanish colonizers established the port and City of Cavite and fortified the settlement as a first line of defense for the city of [[Manila]]. [[Galleon]]s were built and fitted at the port and many Chinese merchants settled in the communities of Bacoor and Kawit, opposite the Spanish city to trade silks, porcelain and other oriental goods.<ref name=Fish>{{Cite book |last=Fish |first=Shirley |title=The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2011 |isbn=9781456775421 |page=65,69,128–132,274}}</ref>

"A defensive curtained wall was constructed the length of Cavite's western side," beginning from the entrance, "La Estanzuela", and continuing to the end of the peninsula, "Punta de Rivera", with the eastern shore unprotected by a wall.  Cavite contained government offices, churches, mission buildings, Spanish homes, Fort San Felipe and the Rivera de Cavite shipyard.  Docks were in place to construct galleons and galleys, but without a dry dock, ships were repaired by [[careening]] along the beach.<ref name=Fish/>

'''Fort San Felipe''', La Fuerza de San Felipe, was built between 1609 and 1616.  This quadrilateral structure of [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtained walls]], with bastions at the corners, contained 20 cannons facing the seashore.  Three infantry companies, 180 men each, plus 220 [[Pampangan]] infantry, garrisoned the fort.<ref name=Fish/>{{rp|142–143}}

The galleons ''Espiritu Santo'' and ''San Miguel'', plus six galleys were constructed between 1606 and 1616.  From 1729 to 1739, "the main purpose of the Cavite shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."<ref name=Fish/>

The vibrant mix of traders, Spanish seamen from Spain and its Latin-American colonies,<ref>Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</ref><ref>"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</ref> as well as local residents, gave rise to the use of pidgin Spanish called [[Chabacano]]. A great number of Mexican men had settled at Cavite, spread throughout Luzon, and had integrated with the local Philippine population. Some of these Mexicans became Tulisanes (Bandits) that led peasant revolts against Spain.<ref>(Page 10) {{cite thesis |type=PhD|last=Pérez|first=Marilola |date=2015|title=Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology|quote= "The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships’ crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes ‘bandits’ who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India… with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)." Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters. " |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj6f1jt |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114232555/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xj6f1jt/qt6xj6f1jt_noSplash_fd187448d1120e8904337fe47b42df2a.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> Mexicans weren't the only Latin Americans in Cavite, as there were also a fair number of other Latin Americans, one such was the [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]], Alonso Ramirez, who became a sailor in Cavite, and published the first Latin American novel called "Infortunios de Alonso Ramirez"<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632422 | jstor=42632422 | title=The Philippines Glimpsed in the First Latin-American "Novel" | last1=Cummins | first1=James S. | journal=Philippine Studies | year=1978 | volume=26 | issue=1/2 | pages=91–101 }}</ref> The years: 1636, 1654, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 70, 89, 225, and 211  Latin-American soldiers from [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|Mexico at Cavite]].<ref name= "Mexicans" >https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson] AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v .</ref>

In 1614, the politico-military jurisdiction of Cavite was established. As with many other provinces organized during the Spanish colonial era, Cavite City, the name of the capital, was applied to the whole province, Cavite. The province covered all the present territory except for the town of [[Maragondon]], which used to belong to the [[Corregimiento]] of [[Mariveles, Bataan|Mariveles]]. Maragondon was ceded to Cavite in 1754 when [[Bataan]] province was created from [[Pampanga]] province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=<!-- no author --> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA119 |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |date=1997 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |edition=3rd |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> Within Maragondon is a settlement established in 1660 by Christian Papuan exiles brought in by the [[Jesuits]] from [[Ternate]] in the [[Maluku Islands]], and named this land ''[[Ternate, Cavite|Ternate]]'' after their former homeland.<ref name=bh>[http://www.cavite.gov.ph/home/index.php/general-information/history/brief-history-of-cavite "Brief History of Cavite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703000431/http://www.cavite.gov.ph/home/index.php/general-information/history/brief-history-of-cavite |date=July 3, 2013 }}. Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cavite. Retrieved on June 25, 2013.</ref><ref name=census/>

Owing to its military importance, Cavite had been attacked by foreigners in their quest to conquer Manila and the Philippines. The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] made a surprise attack on the city in 1647, pounding the port incessantly, but were repulsed. In 1762, the British occupied the port during their [[British occupation of Manila|two-year control]] in the Philippines.<ref name=bh/>

In the 17th century, ''encomiendas'' (Spanish Royal [[land grant]]s) were given in Cavite and Maragondon to Spanish [[conquistador]]es and their families.  By the end of the 1700s, Cavite was the main port of Manila and was a province of 5,724 native families and 859 [[Spanish Filipinos|Spanish Filipino families]].<ref name="Estadismo1">[http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|539}}<ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|31,54,113}}

The [[religious order]]s began acquiring these lands, with some donated, enlarging vast [[hacienda]]s (estates) in Cavite during the 18th and 19th centuries, enriching themselves. These haciendas became the source of bitter conflicts between the friar orders and Filipino farmers and pushed a number of Caviteños to live as outlaws. This opposition to the friar orders was an important factor that drove many Cavite residents to support reform, and later, independence.<ref name=bh/>

In 1872, Filipinos launched their revolt against Spain. Three Filipino priests—[[Gomburza|Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora]]—were implicated in the [[1872 Cavite mutiny|Cavite mutiny]] when 200 Filipinos staged a rebellion within Spanish garrisons. On August 28, 1896, when the [[Philippine Revolution|revolution]] against Spain broke out, Cavite became a bloody theater of war. Led by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], Caviteños made lightning raids on Spanish headquarters, and soon liberated the entire province through the [[Battle of Alapan]]. Aguinaldo commanded the Revolution to its successful end – the proclamation of the [[First Republic of the Philippines]] on June 12, 1898, in Kawit.

[[File:CaviteCannonPlacard-WinnetkaPark.jpg|thumb|A marker affixed to the Cavite cannon in [[Winnetka, Illinois]], [[United States|USA]] that reads ''"This gun was mounted on the defences of Cavite arsenal which was surrendered to Commodore George Dewey"'']]
During the [[Spanish–American War]], American forces attacked the Spanish squadron in Cavite. The Spanish defeat marked the end of Spanish rule in the country.<ref name="bh" /> A captured Spanish cannon from the Cavite arsenal now sits in Village Green Park in [[Winnetka, Illinois]], [[United States| United States of America]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.winpark.org/parks/map/village-green/|title=Village Green – Winnetka Park District|work=Winnetka Park District|access-date=August 3, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>