Editing Cebu (section)

=== Spanish Colonial Period ===
{{Cleanup|date=March 2024|reason=History section needs to be re-examined. There are lots of paragraphs here that needed citation and some of which do not come from journals and researchers.}}

==== Report from the Magellan Expedition ====
[[File:Recoletos Church Cebu Philippines.png|left|thumb|The old '''Recoletos Church of Cebu''']]
The arrival of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in 1521 began a period of Spanish exploration and colonization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_colonization.html |title=Philippine History – Spanish Colonization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108082605/http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_colonization.html| archive-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|information.ph|2009a}} Losing the favor of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] for his plan of reaching the Spice Islands by sailing west from Europe, Magellan offered his services to King [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I of Spain]] (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). On September 20, 1519, Magellan led five ships with a total complement of 250 people from the Spanish fort of [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] en route to southeast Asia via the Americas and the Pacific Ocean. They reached the Philippines on March 16, 1521. Rajah Kolambu, the rajah of [[Mazaua]] told them to sail for Cebu, where they could trade and obtain provisions.

Arriving in Cebu City, Magellan, with [[Enrique of Malacca]] as a translator, befriended [[Rajah Humabon]] a chief of a village in Cebu, and persuaded the natives to ally themselves with the Spanish. On April 14, Magellan erected a large wooden cross on the shores of Cebu. Afterwards, Rajah Humabon was baptized along with about 400 Sugbuanons.

Magellan soon heard of Datu Lapu-Lapu, a native chief in nearby [[Mactan|Mactan Island]], a rival of a chief in Cebu. It was thought that Humabon and Lapu–Lapu had been fighting for control of the flourishing trade in the area. On April 27 the [[Battle of Mactan]] occurred, where the Spaniards were defeated and Magellan was killed by the natives of Mactan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cebu.gov.ph/?getid=2&getsubid=5&infolinkids=6&GetBodyName=History&rightpdisable=0 |title=Cebu – History |publisher=Cebu Provincial Government}}</ref> in Mactan Island. According to Italian historian and chronicler [[Antonio Pigafetta]], Magellan's body was never recovered despite efforts to trade for it with spice and jewels. Magellan's second-in-command, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], took his place as captain of the expedition and sailed the fleet back to Spain, circumnavigating the world.

Survivors of the Magellan expedition returned to Spain with tales of a savage island in the [[Indies|East Indies]]. Consequently, several Spanish expeditions were sent to the islands but all ended in failure.

==== Report from the Legazpi Expedition ====
[[File:Colon Street Cebu. P.I. The Oldest Street In The Philippines, KITLV 1401562.tiff|thumb|[[Colon Street|Calle Colon]] in Cebu City is one of the oldest street in the Philippines]]
On April 27, 1565 [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived on the island, though he also intended to make peace, he was also prepared for a war since these were the same people that killed Magellan 44 years prior. According to the report, a messenger went to the Spanish ship and informed them that Tupas and "along with 10 other chiefs" would be out to either make negotiations or as a warning to prepare for an upcoming battle. Despite trying to assure the natives that the Spanish were there with good intentions, the natives already armed themselves, both parties were reported to have taunted each other offshore. Legazpi aimed the artillery on the ''[[proa]]s'' which briefly confused the opposing natives causing them to run into the woods thus making the shore clear for the Spanish to land. Salvaging any valuable item that could be found, Juan de Camuz came across an image of the Child Jesus, which was probably the one Magellan presented to the consort of the chief in 1521. From then on, a church was built on the site which would later become the [[Basilica del Santo Niño|Minor Basilica of the Holy Child]]. Twelve days later, on May 8, a fort was established and while the construction was ongoing, the natives frequently launched attacks but were always repulsed until eventually they give in as soon as they realized the superior armament of the Europeans. Legazpi dealt only with Tupas, after a brief "trial" on grounds of apostasy and Magellan's murder, the Europeans pardoned the natives' chief and included the natives. After the exchange, the two parties then discussed the terms and conditions including confirmation of titles, who receives tax exemptions, land grants, authority and recognition of officials. The crew then left Cebu on June 1, 1565.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cushner |first=Nicholas P. |date=1965 |title=Legazpi 1564-1572 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720592 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=183–187 |jstor=42720592 |issn=0031-7837 |quote=In the ruins one of Legazpi's men, Juan de Camuz, made what was considered a miraculous find. He came across an image of the Child Jesus, probably the one which Pigafetta had presented to the Queen of Cebu in 1521. [...] Legazpi took counsel with his offices and religious [advisers?] about whether he should pardon the Cebuans' past offenses against Magellan's men and their apostasy from the faith they had embraced.}}</ref> In the 1700s, Cebu housed 625 [[Spanish Filipino]] families and 28,112 native families<ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|113}}