Editing Cebuano language (section)

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
Below is the vowel system of Cebuano with their corresponding letter representation in angular brackets:<ref name="Endriga 2010"/><ref name="phon">{{cite web|url=http://dila.ph/cebuano%20phonetics%20and%20orthography.pdf|title=Cebuano Phonetics and Orthography|publisher=Dila|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="awl">{{Cite web |url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/cebuano |title=Cebuano |last=Thompson |first=Irene |date=11 July 2013 |publisher=About World Languages |access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | ''' Standard Cebuano vowel phonemes '''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}
* {{IPA|/a/}} an [[open front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "f'''a'''ther"
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "b'''e'''d"
* {{IPA|/i/}} a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* {{IPA|/o/}} a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] similar to English "f'''o'''rty"
* {{IPA|/u/}} a [[close back rounded vowel]] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"

Sometimes, {{angbr|a}} may also be pronounced as the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ʌ]}} (as in English "g'''u'''t"); {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}} as the [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɪ]}} (as in English "b'''i'''t"); and {{angbr|o}} or {{angbr|u}} as the [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɔ]}} (as in English "th'''ou'''ght") or the [[near-close near-back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ʊ]}} (as in English "h'''oo'''k").<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

During the precolonial and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] period, Cebuano had only three vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish. As a consequence, the vowels {{angbr|o}} or {{angbr|u}}, as well as {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}, are still mostly [[allophone]]s. They can be freely switched with each other without losing their meaning ([[free variation]]), though it may sound strange to a native listener, depending on their dialect. The vowel {{IPA|/a/}} can be pronounced as either {{IPA|[a]}} or {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, or as {{IPA|[ɔ]}} immediately after the consonant {{IPA|/w/}}. [[Loanword]]s, however, are usually more conservative in their orthography and pronunciation (e.g. ''dyip'', "[[jeepney]]" from English "jeep", will never be written or spoken as ''dyep'').<ref name="Endriga 2010"/><ref name="h">{{Cite book |title=Hispanisation: The Impact of Spanish on the Lexicon and Grammar of the Indigenous Languages of Austronesia and the Americas |last=Steinkrüger |first=Patrick O. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2008 |isbn=9783110207231 |editor-last=Stolz |editor-first=Thomas |pages=203–236 |chapter=Hispanisation processes in the Philippines |editor-last2=Bakker |editor-first2=Dik |editor-last3=Palomo |editor-first3=Rosa Salas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kacyicU4BgC&pg=PA203}}</ref>

There are only four [[diphthongs]], since {{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|u}} are allophones. These are {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/uj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{IPA|/iw/}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/cebuano/ | title=Cebuano Language{{dash}}Structure, Writing and Alphabet}}</ref>

===Consonants===
For Cebuano consonants, all the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} occurs in all positions, including at the beginning of a word (e.g. ''ngano'', "why"). The [[glottal stop]] {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is most commonly encountered in between two vowels, but can also appear in all positions.<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

Like in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], glottal stops are usually not indicated in writing. When indicated, it is commonly written as a [[hyphen]] or an [[apostrophe]] if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. ''tu-o'' or ''tu'o'', "right"). More formally, when it occurs at the end of the word, it is indicated by a [[circumflex accent]] if both a stress and a glottal stop occurs at the final vowel (e.g. ''basâ'', "wet"); or a [[grave accent]] if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. ''batà'', "child").<ref name="expr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |title=The basics of Filipino pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • accent marks |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=16 March 2011 |publisher=Pilipino Express |access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="nolasco">{{Cite book |url=http://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf |title=Grammar notes on the national language |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo M.D. }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="tagalog">{{Cite book |url=http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |title=Tagalog Reading Booklet |publisher=Simon & Schister's Pimsleur |year=2007 |editor-last=Schoellner |editor-first=Joan |pages=5–6 |access-date=16 September 2016 |editor-last2=Heinle |editor-first2=Beverly D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Below is a chart of Cebuano consonants with their corresponding letter representation in parentheses:<ref name="Endriga 2010"/><ref name="phon"/><ref name="awl" /><ref name="comp">{{Citation |last=Bollas |first=Abigail A. |title=Comparative Analysis on the Phonology of Tagalog, Cebuano, and Itawis |url=https://www.academia.edu/4427395 |year=2013 |publisher=University of the Philippines{{dash}}Diliman}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Standard Cebuano consonants
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
!
!colspan=2| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
!colspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/<br>[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|m}}&nbsp;{{angbr|m}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|n̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|n}}
|colspan=2|
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|ng}}
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}&nbsp;{{angbr|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}&nbsp;{{angbr|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|d}}
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}&nbsp;{{angbr|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|g}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}&nbsp;||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}&nbsp;{{angbr|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|}}&nbsp;||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|dʒ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|j,dy}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br>([[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral]])</small>
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}}&nbsp;{{angbr|y}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}&nbsp;{{angbr|w}}
|colspan=2|
|-
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|l̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|l}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɾ̪}}~{{IPA link|r̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}

In certain dialects, {{IPA|/l/}} {{angbr|l}} may be interchanged with {{IPA|/w/}} {{angbr|w}} in between vowels and vice versa depending on the following conditions:<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|o}}, the vowel succeeding {{angbr|l}} is usually (but not always) dropped (e.g. ''lalóm'', "deep", becomes ''lawóm'' or ''lawm'').
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|a}}, it is the vowel that is preceding {{angbr|l}} that is instead dropped (e.g. ''bulan'', "moon", becomes ''buwan'' or ''bwan'')
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between two like vowels, the {{angbr|l}} may be dropped completely and the vowel lengthened. For example, ''dalá'' ("bring"), becomes ''da'' ({{IPA|/d̪aː/}}); and ''tulód'' ("push") becomes ''tud'' ({{IPA|/t̪uːd̪/}}).<ref name="Endriga 2010"/> Except if the '''l''' is in between [[closed syllables]] or is in the beginning of the penultimate syllable; in which case, the {{angbr|l}} is dropped along with one of the vowels, and no lengthening occurs. For example, ''kalatkat'', "climb", becomes ''katkat'' ({{IPA|/ˈkatkat/}} not {{IPA|/ˈkaːtkat/}}).

A final {{angbr|l}} can also be replaced with {{angbr|w}} in certain areas in Bohol (e.g. ''tambal'', "medicine", becomes ''tambaw''). In very rare cases in Cebu, {{angbr|l}} may also be replaced with {{angbr|y}} in between the vowels {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|e}}/{{angbr|i}} (e.g. ''tingali'', "maybe", becomes ''tingayi'').<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

In some parts of Bohol and Southern Leyte, {{IPA|/j/}} {{angbr|y}} is also often replaced with {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} {{angbr|j/dy}} when it is in the beginning of a syllable (e.g. ''kalayo'', "fire", becomes ''kalajo''). It can also happen even if the {{angbr|y}} is at the final position of the syllable and the word, but only if it is moved to the initial position by the addition of the [[affix]] ''-a''. For example, ''baboy'' ("pig") can not become ''baboj'', but ''baboya'' can become ''baboja.''<ref name="Endriga 2010" />

All of the above substitutions are considered allophonic and do not change the meaning of the word.<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

In rarer instances, the consonant {{angbr|d}} might also be replaced with {{angbr|r}} when it is in between two vowels (e.g. Boholano ''idô'' for standard Cebuano ''irô'', "dog"), but {{angbr|d}} and {{angbr|r}} are not considered allophones,<ref name="Endriga 2010"/> though they may have been in the past.<ref name="ver">{{Cite journal |last=Verstraelen |first=Eugene |year=1961 |title=Some further remarks about the L-feature |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2806/5450 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=72–77|doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2879 }}</ref>

===Stress===
Stress accent is phonemic, which means that words with different accent placements, such as ''dapít'' (near) and ''dápit'' (place), are considered separate. The stress is predictably on the [[penult]] when the second-to-last syllable is [[Closed syllable|closed]] (CVC or VC). On the other hand, when the syllable is [[Open syllable|open]] (CV or V), the stress can be on either the penultimate or the final syllable (although there are certain grammatical conditions or categories under which the stress is predictable, such as with numbers and pronouns).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newton |first=Brian |title=The Cebuano Language and Generative Phonology |date=December 1991 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792064 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=253–263 |jstor=29792064 }}</ref>