Editing Cem Sultan (section)

==Imprisonment==
[[File:Turkey.Bodrum.Cem03.jpg|thumb|right|Cem Sultan (middle) and [[Pierre d'Aubusson]] at a dinner in Rhodes|150px]]

===Knights Hospitaller===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
Upon arriving at Rhodes, Cem asked the protection of the French captain of [[Bodrum Castle]], [[Pierre d'Aubusson]], grand master of the [[Knights of St. John]], the Latin Catholic order on the island. On 29 July Cem arrived at Rhodes and was received with honor. In return for the overthrow of the new sultan Bayezid, Prince Cem offered perpetual peace between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom if he regained the Ottoman throne. However, [[Pierre d'Aubusson]] realized that conflict with Bayezid would be imprudent, so he secretly approached Bayezid, concluded a peace treaty, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity in March 1483. D'Aubusson promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 40,000 ducats for his maintenance.

Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes. Afterwards, Cem was sent to the castle of Pierre d'Aubusson in [[France]].

=== France ===
[[File:Bourganeuf la tour Zizim.JPG|right|thumb|upright|The Zizim Tower in [[Bourganeuf]], France.]]
Cem had reached Nice, at that time in the [[Duchy of Savoy]], on 17 October 1482, en route to Hungary, but the Knights were playing for time. After the agreement about his confinement was finalised, he became a hostage, as well as a potential pawn. Those who hoped to use his name and person to foment turmoil in the Ottoman realm included the Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy, [[Matthias Corvinus]], king of Hungary, and [[Pope Innocent VIII]]. Others, such as the Knights of Saint John, the Venetians, the king of Naples, and Popes Innocent VIII and [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]], viewed his presence in Europe as a deterrent to Ottoman aggression against Christendom and an opportunity for profit. For his part, Bayezid II dispatched ambassadors and spies to the West to assure that his rival was detained indefinitely, and he even attempted to eliminate him through assassination.<ref name=":0" />

Cem spent a year in the Duchy of Savoy. After the death of King [[Louis XI of France]] (30 August 1483), who had refused to accept a Muslim in his lands, the Knights of Saint John transferred him to Limousin (D'Aubusson's birthplace). Cem spent the next five years there, mostly at [[Bourganeuf]]. He was well treated, but essentially a captive (a fortified tower was constructed to house him). Bayezid II negotiated both with D'Aubusson, to have Cem returned to Rhodes, and with representatives of the new French monarch, [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]], to have him kept in France. When the king of Hungary and Pope Innocent VIII sought custody of the prince, the Pope prevailed, and Cem arrived in Rome on 13 March 1489.

===Rome===
[[File:St Catherine's Disputation (Detail).jpg|left|thumb|Cem in [[Borgia Apartments|St Catherine's Disputation]] by [[Pinturicchio]]]]
Innocent VIII rebuffed overtures from the Mamlūks and prepared to launch a crusade against the Ottomans, but it was postponed when Matthias Corvinus of Hungary died on 6 April 1490. These developments worried Bayezid, who contacted D'Aubusson and also sent Mustafa Bey (later a grand vizier) to Rome, to conclude a secret agreement, in December 1490. The sultan promised not to attack Rhodes, Rome, or Venice, as well as to pay Cem's allowance of 40,000 ducats to the Pope (10,000 of which were earmarked for the Knights of Saint John), in return for the prince's incarceration. Apparently, Cem found life in Rome more pleasant than in France, and he had lost hope of seizing the Ottoman throne, but he wanted to die in a Muslim land. His wish would not be realized.<ref name=":0" />

Pope Innocent VIII unsuccessfully attempted to use Cem to begin a new crusade against the Ottomans.<ref>Finkel, 2006, p. 87.</ref> The Pope also tried to convert Cem to [[Christianity]], without success. Cem's presence in Rome was useful nevertheless, because whenever Bayezid intended to launch a military campaign against Christian nations of the [[Balkans]], the Pope would threaten to release his brother.

In exchange for maintaining the custody of Cem, Bayezid paid Innocent VIII 120,000 crowns (at the time, equal to all other annual sources of papal revenue combined), a relic of the [[Holy Lance#Vatican lance|Holy Lance]] (which allegedly had pierced the side of Christ), one hundred Moorish slaves, and an annual fee of 45,000 ducats. Much of the costs associated with the [[Sistine Chapel]] were paid with funds from the Ottoman ransoms.<ref>Duffy, 2006, p. 196.</ref>