Editing Cetacean surfacing behaviour (section)

=== Wave or bow-riding and following vessels ===
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File:091201 south georgia orca 5127 (4173388802).jpg|"Type B" orcas off [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]]
File:Weißwal 2-1999.jpg|[[Beluga whale|Belugas]] following watching boats in [[Churchill River (Hudson Bay)|Churchill River]]
File:US Navy 090415-N-3027S-002 Dolphins jump the wake in front of the Military Sealift Command fast-combat support ship USNS Rainer (T-AOE 7) during an ammunition onload with the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68).jpg
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The term ''wave-riding'' is most commonly used to describe the surface activity of cetaceans that approach boats and jump repeatedly in the waves produced by the boats. This includes ''bow-riding'', where cetaceans are in the pressure wave in front of the boat, and ''wake-riding'', where they are off the stern in the wake.<ref name="Miller2010">{{Citation|title=Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Behavior Exhibited by Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (''Tursiops truncatus'') in the Mississippi Sound|journal=Ethology|year=2010|first1=L. J.|last1=Miller|first2=M.|last2=Solangi|first3=S. A.|last3=Kuczaj|volume=116|issue=12|pages=1127–1137|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01824.x|bibcode=2010Ethol.116.1127M }}</ref> Cetaceans swim using fluke propulsion when experiencing wave energy below the threshold needed for riding, such as when boats travel at speeds slower than 3&nbsp;m/s<ref name="Williams1992">{{Citation|title=Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins|journal=Nature|year=1992|volume=355|issue=6363|pages=821–823|first1=T. M.|last1=Williams|first2=W. A.|last2=Friedl|first3=M. L.|last3=Fong|first4=R. M.|last4=Yamada|first5=P.|last5=Sedivy|first6=J. E.|last6=Huan|doi=10.1038/355821a0|pmid=1538760|bibcode=1992Natur.355..821W|s2cid=4281153}}</ref> or when they are outside of the peak wave energy zone. However, at higher speeds dolphins and porpoises will seek out the pressure wave and its maximum energy zone in order to ride the wave by holding their flukes in a fixed plane, with only minor adjustments for repositioning.<ref name="Williams1992" /> Wave-riding reduces the energetic cost of swimming to the dolphin, even when compared to slower swimming speeds.<ref name="Williams1992" /> For example, [[heart rate]], [[metabolic rate]] and transport cost was reduced by up to 70% during wave-riding compared to swimming at speeds 1&nbsp;m/s slower in [[bottlenose dolphin]].<ref name="Williams1992" /> Wave-riding behaviour can be performed by dolphins from minutes up to several hours,<ref name="Williams1992" /> and therefore is a useful energy-saving mechanism for swimming at higher speeds.

Wave-riding is most common in small [[Odontocete]]s. It has also been observed in larger cetaceans such as [[false killer whale]]s and [[orca]],<ref name="nbc">{{cite news |author1=Rafael Avitabile |title=Fishing charter crew captures orca pod playing in boat's wake |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/fishing-charter-crew-captures-orca-pod-playing-in-boats-wake/50262/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=NBC News - San Diego |date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Dahlheim1980">{{Citation|title=Killer whales observed bowriding|first1=M. E.|last1=Dahlheim|journal=The Murrelet|volume=61|issue=2|pages=78–80|jstor=3535038|year=1980}}</ref> although most larger Odontocetes do not seek out any form of interaction with boats. Bow-riding is the most common form of interactive behaviour with boats across a variety of smaller Odontocete species, such as dolphins in the genera ''[[Stenella]]'' and ''[[Delphinus (genus)|Delphinus]]''.<ref name="Ritter2003">{{Citation|title=Interactions of cetaceans with whale watching boats–implications for the management of whale watching tourism|year=2003|first1=F.|last1=Ritter|journal=MEER EV, Berlin, Germany|url=http://www.m-e-e-r.org/uploads/media/Executive_Summary_Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154259/http://www.m-e-e-r.org/uploads/media/Executive_Summary_Report.pdf|archive-date=2015-05-24}}</ref> The type of interaction can often depend on the behavioral state of the group as well as species. For example, spotted dolphins are more likely to interact when travelling or milling but less likely when they are socialising or surface feeding.<ref name="Ritter2003" /> Interactive behavior may also depend on group composition, as both orca and bottlenose dolphins have been recorded to interact mostly when a calf was in the group.<ref name="Ritter2003"/><ref name="Hawkins2009">{{Citation|title=Interactive behaviours of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) during encounters with vessels|first1=E.|last1=Hawkins|first2=D. F.|last2=Gartside|year=2009|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=35|issue=2|pages=259–268|doi=10.1578/AM.35.2.2009.259}}</ref> This indicates that groups with calves may approach boats in order to teach the young how to interact safely to avoid collision. Another result of cetaceans traveling in pods is an increase in competition for the optimal wave energy and so maximum energy saving position. Position of individuals may reflect the dominance [[hierarchy]] of the pod and therefore could be used to ascertain dominance.<ref name="Dahlheim1980" /> Several [[rorqual]]s, such as [[minke whale|minke]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbase.com/maceg/image/3653655|title=La baleine s'amuse by Gilles Macé|website=PBase|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> [[sei whale|sei]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50dEXQSjdSI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/50dEXQSjdSI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=クジラの大群|last=橘田佳音利|date=7 March 2014|access-date=24 September 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Bryde's whale|bryde's]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expeditions.com/daily-expedition-reports/179002/|title=Boná Island and Panama Canal, Panama|date=January 14, 2016|work=Expeditions.com}}</ref> [[humpback whale|humpback]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/odyssey/odyssey/20021230_log_transcript.html|title=Bowriding Humpback Whales – Log Transcript|date=December 30, 2002|work=PBS}}</ref> and [[gray whale|gray]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2016/02/03/2-gray-whales-caught-some-waves-near-mission-beach/|title=2 gray whales catch waves near Mission Beach|date=February 3, 2016|work=FOX5 San Diego}}</ref> are also known to display actions in similar manners.

==== Gallery ====
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jumping_dolphins Jumping dolphins]