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Cham script
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==Structure== Similar to other abugidas, the consonants of Cham have the inherent vowel. Dependent vowel diacritics are used to modify the inherent vowel.<ref name="Uni11" /> Since Cham does not have ''[[virama|virāma]]'', special characters should be used for pure consonants. This practice is similar to the ''chillu consonants'' of the [[Malayalam script]]. [[Image:Chamscript.png|thumb|The Eastern Cham script. Nasal consonants are shown both unmarked and with the diacritic ''kai''. The vowel diacritics are shown next to a circle, which indicates their position relative to any of the consonants.]] Most consonant letters, such as {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[t]}}, or {{IPA|[p]}}, include an [[inherent vowel]] {{IPA|[a]}} which does not need to be written. The [[nasal stops]], {{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}}, {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} (the latter two transliterated ''ny'' and ''ng'' in the Latin alphabet) are exceptions, and have an inherent vowel {{IPA|[ɨ]}} (transliterated ''â''). A diacritic called ''kai,'' which does not occur with the other consonants, is added below a nasal consonant to write the {{IPA|[a]}} vowel.<ref name="book1" /> Cham words contain vowel and consonant-vowel (V and CV) syllables, apart from the last, which may also be CVC. There are a few characters for final consonants in the Cham script; other consonants merely extend a longer tail on the right side to indicate the absence of a final vowel.<ref name="book1" /> ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Consonant letters |- | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨆ|ipa=|iso=ka}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨇ|ipa=|iso=kha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨈ|ipa=|iso=ga}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨉ|ipa=|iso=gha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨊ|ipa=|iso=ngâ}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨋ|ipa=|iso=nga}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨌ|ipa=|iso=ca}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨍ|ipa=|iso=cha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨎ|ipa=|iso=ja}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨏ|ipa=|iso=jha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨐ|ipa=|iso=nyâ}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨑ|ipa=|iso=nya}} |- | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨒ|ipa=|iso=nja}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨓ|ipa=|iso=ta}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨔ|ipa=|iso=tha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨕ|ipa=|iso=da}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨖ|ipa=|iso=dha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨗ|ipa=|iso=nâ}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨘ|ipa=|iso=na}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨙ|ipa=|iso=nda}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨚ|ipa=|iso=pa}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨛ|ipa=|iso=pa}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨜ|ipa=|iso=pha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨝ|ipa=|iso=ba}} |- | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨞ|ipa=|iso=bha}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨟ|ipa=|iso=mâ}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨠ|ipa=|iso=ma}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨡ|ipa=|iso=mba}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨢ|ipa=|iso=ya}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨣ|ipa=|iso=ra}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨤ|ipa=|iso=la}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨥ|ipa=|iso=wa}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨦ|ipa=|iso=ṣa}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨧ|ipa=|iso=sa}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨨ|ipa=|iso=ha}} |} ===Medial consonants=== {| class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ Medial consonants (Consonant signs) |- !Diacritic | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=◌ꨳ|ipa=|iso=-ia}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=◌ꨴ|ipa=|iso=-ra}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=◌ꨵ|ipa=|iso=-la}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=◌ꨶ|ipa=|iso=-ua}} |- ! Example | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨆꨳ|ipa=|iso=kia}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨆꨴ|ipa=|iso=kra}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨆꨵ|ipa=|iso=kla}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨆꨶ|ipa=|iso=kua}} |} ===Final consonants=== Cham does not employ a [[virama]] to suppress vowels. Final consonants are indicated in one of three ways: an explicit final consonant letter, a combining diacritic mark, or by {{script|Cham|{{large|ꨥ}}}}. {| class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ Final consonant letters |- | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩀ|ipa=|iso=-k}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩂ|ipa=|iso=-ng}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩄ|ipa=|iso=-c}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩅ|ipa=|iso=-t}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩆ|ipa=|iso=-n}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩇ|ipa=|iso=-p}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩈ|ipa=|iso=-y}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩉ|ipa=|iso=-r}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩊ|ipa=|iso=-l}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨥ|ipa=|iso=-w}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꩋ|ipa=|iso=-ṣ}} |- |} ===Independent vowels=== Six of the initial vowels are represented with unique letters:<ref name="L206257">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06257-n3120-cham.pdf|title=Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS|date=2006-08-06|first=Michael|last=Everson|author-link=Michael Everson}}</ref> {| class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ {{nowrap|Independent Cham vowels}} |- | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨀ|ipa=|iso=a}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨁ|ipa=|iso=i}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨂ|ipa=|iso=u}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨃ|ipa=|iso=é}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨄ|ipa=|iso=ai}} | {{letter|l=cja|s=Cham|ch=ꨅ|ipa=|iso=o}} |- |} ===Dependent vowels=== Other initial vowels are represented by adding a diacritic to the letter {{script|Cham|{{large|ꨀ}}}} (a).<ref name="L206257"/> The same diacritics are used with consonants to change their inherent vowel: {| class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ Dependent Cham vowels{{fix|text=what are the values of these vowels?}} ! !! -ā !! -i !! -ī !! -ei !! -u !! -ū !! -e !! -ē !! |- | align="left" | '''diacritics''' || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨪ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨫ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨬ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨭ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨭꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨮ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨮꨩ}}}} | |- | align="left" | '''shown with''' {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆ}}}} '''(ka)''' || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨪ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨫ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨬ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨭ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨭꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨮ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨮꨩ}}}} | |- ! !! -é !! -é !! -o !! -ō !! -ai !! -ao !! -â !! -â !!-au |- | align="left" | '''diacritics''' || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨯꨮ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨯꨮꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨯ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨯꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨰ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨯꨱ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨲ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨲꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|◌ꨮꨭ}}}} |- | align="left" | '''shown with''' {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆ}}}} '''(ka)''' || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨯꨮ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨯꨮꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨯ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨯꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨰ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨯꨱ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨲ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨲꨩ}}}} || {{script|Cham|{{huge|ꨆꨮꨭ}}}} |}
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