Editing Child Labor Amendment (section)

==Ratification history==
[[File:Child Labor Amendment ratification.svg|thumb|300px|
Ratification status of the Child Labor Amendment
{{legend|blue|Ratified the amendment}}
{{legend|pink|Rejected the amendment}}
]]
[[File:Child Labor Amendment.jpg|220px|upright=1.5|thumb|The Child Labor Amendment as passed by Congress]]
Having been approved by Congress, the proposed amendment was sent to the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]] for ratification and was ratified by the following 28 states:<ref name="VCCG">{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto|year=1961|publisher=Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government|pages=68–69|editor=James J. Kilpatrick}}</ref>
# [[Arkansas]] – June 28, 1924
# [[California]] – January 8, 1925
# [[Arizona]] – January 29, 1925
# [[Wisconsin]] – February 25, 1925
# [[Montana]] – February 11, 1927
# [[Colorado]] – April 28, 1931
# [[Oregon]] – January 31, 1933
# [[Washington (state)|Washington]] – February 3, 1933
# [[North Dakota]] – March 4, 1933 (After State Senate rejection – January 28, 1925)
# [[Ohio]] – March 22, 1933
# [[Michigan]] – May 10, 1933
# [[New Hampshire]] – May 17, 1933 (After rejection – March 18, 1925)
# [[New Jersey]] – June 12, 1933
# [[Illinois]] – June 30, 1933
# [[Oklahoma]] – July 5, 1933
# [[Iowa]] – December 5, 1933 (After State House rejection – March 11, 1925)
# [[West Virginia]] – December 12, 1933
# [[Minnesota]] – December 14, 1933 (After rejection – April 14, 1925)
# [[Maine]] – December 16, 1933 (After rejection – April 10, 1925)
# [[Pennsylvania]] – December 21, 1933 (After rejection – April 16, 1925)
# [[Wyoming]] – January 31, 1935
# [[Utah]] – February 5, 1935 (After rejection – February 4, 1925)
# [[Idaho]] – February 7, 1935 (After State House rejection – February 7, 1925)
# [[Indiana]] – February 8, 1935 (After State Senate rejection – February 5, 1925 and State House rejection – March 5, 1925)
# [[Kentucky]] – January 13, 1937 (After rejection – March 24, 1926)
# [[Nevada]] – January 29, 1937
# [[New Mexico]] – February 12, 1937 (After rejection – 1935)
# [[Kansas]] – February 25, 1937 (After rejection – January 30, 1925) 

During the 1920s and 1930s, the following fifteen state legislatures rejected the Child Labor Amendment and did not subsequently ratify it:
# [[Connecticut]] – February 11, 1925 (State Senate Rejection — February 5, 1925 and State House rejection – February 11, 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015067981053&view=1up&seq=5&q1=child%20labor |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut |publisher=State of Connecticut |year=1925 |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Daniel |pages=418 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2881306&view=1up&seq=5&q1=child%20labor |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut |publisher=State of Connecticut |year=1925 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=J. Frederick |pages=379 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Delaware]] – 1925 (State Senate and State House Rejection — January 28 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.33314192 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives at a session of the General Assembly |publisher=Milford Chronicle Publishing Company |year=1925 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.33314257 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Delaware, at a session of the General Assembly |publisher=Milford Chronicle Publishing Company |year=1925 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Florida]] – 1925 (State Senate Rejection — April 15, 1925 and State House Rejection April 29, 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Journals/BoundJournals/1925 |title=Journal of the State Senate of Florida of the Session of 1925 |publisher=F. J. Appleyard |year=1925 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://sb.flleg.gov/nxt/gateway.dll?f=templates&fn=default.htm$vid=House:all |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Florida |publisher=Appleyard |pages=984 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] – August 6, 1924<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0001991488&view=1up&seq=7 |title=Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of Georgia |publisher=Stein Printing Co., State Printers |year=1924 |pages=833 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Louisiana]] – 1924, 1934 and 1936
# [[Maryland]] – March 18, 1927<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives of Maryland, Volume 0569, Page 1643 – Session Laws, 1927 |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000569/html/am569--1643.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=msa.maryland.gov}}</ref>
# [[Massachusetts]] – Rejected by Voters in a referendum on November 4, 1924<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massachusetts Federal Child Labor Law, Question 7 (1924) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Federal_Child_Labor_Law,_Question_7_(1924) |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Missouri]] – 1925 (State Senate Rejection — March 20, 1925 and State House Rejection — March 3, 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://mdh.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/senatej/id/113452/rec/108 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Missouri |year=1925 |pages=773 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://mdh.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/housej/id/65535/rec/82 |title=Journal of the House of the State of Missouri |year=1925 |pages=705 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[North Carolina]] – August 23, 1924<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p249901coll22/id/236104 |title=Public Laws and Resolutions Enacted by the Extra Session of the General Assembly of 1924 |publisher=Mitchell Printing Company |year=1924 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[South Carolina]] – 1925 (State Senate Rejection — January 27, 1925 and State House Rejection — January 21, 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112107048511&view=1up&seq=10 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the First Session of the 77th General Assembly of the State of South Carolina |publisher=Joint Committee on Printing |year=1925 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.095880704&view=1up&seq=1 |title=Journal of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina |publisher=Gonzales and Bryan |year=1925 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[South Dakota]] – 1925, 1933 and 1937 
# [[Tennessee]] – 1925
# [[Texas]] – 1925 (State Senate Rejection — January 26, 1925 and State House Rejection — January 27, 1925)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/collections/journals/journalsSenate39.cfm |title=Journal of the Texas State Senate |year=1925 |pages=127–8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/collections/journals/journalsHouse39.cfm |title=Journal of the Texas House of Representatives. |year=1925 |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Vermont]] – 1925
# [[Virginia]] – 1926<ref name="VCCG"/>
Although the act, on the part of state legislatures, of "rejecting" a proposed constitutional amendment has no legal recognition, such action does have political ramifications.

Of the 48 states in the Union during the 1920s and 1930s, two have taken no action of record on the amendment: [[Alabama]] and [[Rhode Island]].  Meanwhile in Nebraska, that state's [[Nebraska Senate|Senate]] voted to ratify the CLA in 1929 (Nebraska's Legislature did not become [[unicameral]] until 1937).  In Mississippi, that state's [[Mississippi Senate|Senate]] voted to ratify the CLA in 1934.  In [[New York (state)|New York]], that state's [[New York Senate|Senate]] voted to ratify the CLA in 1937.  And in 2024, the [[Connecticut House of Representatives]] voted to ratify the CLA.  As to [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]]&mdash;both of which became states in 1959&mdash;the [[Hawaii Senate]] voted to ratify the CLA in 2021 and again in 2022.<ref name="VCCG"/>

===Renewed ratification attempts and expressions of support===
In 2021 and 2022, a concurrent resolution to ratify the Child Labor Amendment passed in the Hawaii Senate with bipartisan support but stalled in the [[Hawaii House of Representatives]].<ref name="Hawaii 2021" >{{Cite web
 |url= https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/Archives/measure_indiv_Archives.aspx?billtype=SCR&billnumber=99&year=2021
 |title=SCR99 SD1 HD1 (2021)
 |work=[[Hawaii State Legislature]]
 |access-date=8 July 2022
}}</ref><ref name="Hawaii 2022" >{{Cite web
 |url= https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SCR&billnumber=8&year=2022
 |title=SCR8 (2022)
 |work=[[Hawaii State Legislature]]
 |access-date=8 July 2022
}}</ref> In 2024, a resolution to ratify the amendment passed in the Connecticut House of Representatives but was not brought up for a vote in the [[Connecticut Senate]].<ref name="Kamphausen 2024">{{cite web | last=Kamphausen | first=Hudson | title=House Votes Yes On Federal Child Labor Amendment, Waits For Senate | website=CT News Junkie | date=2024-05-01 | url=https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2024/05/01/house-votes-yes-on-federal-child-labor-amendment-waits-for-senate/ | access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref><ref name="Connecticut" >{{Cite web |url= https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=HJ00217&which_year=2024 |title=RESOLUTION RATIFYING THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES PERMITTING CONGRESS TO REGULATE CHILD LABOR |work=[[Connecticut General Assembly]] |access-date=8 March 2024 }}</ref> Since 2018, ratification resolutions have also been introduced in [[New York State Legislature|New York]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York State Assembly {{!}} Bill Search and Legislative Information|url=https://www.nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A06245&term=2019&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Committee&nbspVotes=Y&Floor&nbspVotes=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y&LFIN=Y&Chamber&nbspVideo/Transcript=Y|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.nyassembly.gov}}</ref> [[Rhode Island General Assembly|Rhode Island]],<ref name="Rhode Island" >{{Cite web
 |url= https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/BillText21/SenateText21/S0438.pdf
 |title=2021 - S0438
 |work=[[Rhode Island Senate]]
 |access-date=8 July 2022
}}</ref> [[Nebraska Legislature|Nebraska]],<ref name="Nebraska" >{{Cite web
 |url= https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=50145
 |title=LR5 – Legislative resolution to ratify an amendment to the Constitution to the United States relating to regulation of child labor
 |work=[[Nebraska Legislature]]
 |access-date=6 January 2023
}}</ref> and [[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland]],<ref name="Maryland">{{cite web | title=HJ0007 | website=Maryland General Assembly | url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/HJ0007?ys=2024RS | access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref> as was a resolution in [[Minnesota Legislature|Minnesota]] reaffirming that state's ratification from 1933.<ref name="Minnesota">{{Cite web |url= https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF3275&ssn=0&y=2023 |title=HF 3275 |work=[[Minnesota Legislature]] |access-date=8 March 2024 }}</ref>

In 2024, the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]] adopted&mdash;without action of the [[New Hampshire Senate]]&mdash;a unicameral House Resolution reaffirming support for the 1933 ratification of the Child Labor Amendment by the full [[New Hampshire General Court]] which, despite its judicial sound, is the official name of New Hampshire's legislature.  That unicameral House Resolution was formally received on November 14, 2024, by the United States Senate&mdash;as noted in the ''[[Congressional Record]]'' of that date&mdash;and was duly referred to the Senate's Committee on the Judiciary as reflected in the ''Record''.

Supporters of ratification, such as [[University of San Diego School of Law]] professor Jessica Heldman and ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' columnist [[Michael Hiltzik]], have argued that the amendment could strengthen existing federal child labor protections, especially with some states loosening their child labor laws in recent years.<ref name="Heldman 2023">{{cite web | last=Heldman | first=Jessica K. | title=There is More Work to Be Done to Eliminate Oppressive Child Labor | website=American Constitution Society | date=2023-05-10 | url=https://www.acslaw.org/expertforum/there-is-more-work-to-be-done-to-eliminate-oppressive-child-labor/ | access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Hiltzik 2023">{{cite web | last=Hiltzik | first=Michael | title=Column: The carnage from the rollback of child labor laws is just starting | website=Los Angeles Times | date=2023-07-24 | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-07-24/the-carnage-from-the-rollback-of-child-labor-laws-is-just-starting | access-date=2024-03-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104042615/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-07-24/the-carnage-from-the-rollback-of-child-labor-laws-is-just-starting | archive-date=2024-01-04}}</ref><ref name="v029">{{cite magazine | title=The Forgotten History of the Child Labor Amendment | magazine=TIME | date=2024-05-13 | url=https://time.com/6970389/child-labor-amendment-forgotten/ | access-date=2024-05-14}}</ref> Nebraska State Senator [[Carol Blood]], who introduced a resolution to ratify the amendment, stated that it would only be "ratifying what is already in law", and making a statement that Nebraska "missed an opportunity to do better".<ref name="Wendling 2023">{{cite web | last=Wendling | first=Zach | title=Supporters of child labor resolution say it could make Nebraska 'new champion' • Nebraska Examiner | website=Nebraska Examiner | date=2023-03-03 | url=https://nebraskaexaminer.com/briefs/supporters-of-child-labor-resolution-say-it-could-make-nebraska-new-champion/ | access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref> In Connecticut, a ratification resolution was supported by the state's [[AFL-CIO]] chapter and other [[labor union|union]] leaders.<ref name="Melita 2024">{{cite web | last=Melita | first=Rick | title=Revisiting Child Labor Laws in the New Gilded Age: A Call for Action | website=CT News Junkie | date=2024-03-04 | url=https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2024/03/04/op-ed-revisiting-child-labor-laws-in-the-new-gilded-age-a-call-for-action/ | access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Connecticut Testimony">{{cite web |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/aspx/CGADisplayTestimonies/CGADisplayTestimony.aspx?bill=HJ-00217&doc_year=2024 |title=Testimony For Bill Number HJ-00217 In All Committees | date=2024-03-25
 |website=Connecticut General Assembly |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325130433/https://www.cga.ct.gov/aspx/CGADisplayTestimonies/CGADisplayTestimony.aspx?bill=HJ-00217&doc_year=2024 |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=March 25, 2024 |quote=}}</ref> The amendment is supported by the [[Child Labor Coalition]].<ref name="w429">{{cite web | title=Put Maryland on the Correct Side of History: Ratify the Child Labor Amendment of 1924 | url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/cmte_testimony/2024/hru/1EreC8FqGIiL6PCx9HE4qUXtkoIOraVNr.pdf | website=Maryland General Assembly| author=Children's Advocacy Institute | access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref>

Presently, there being 50 states in the Union, the amendment will remain inoperative unless it is ratified by the legislatures of an additional 10 states to reach the necessary threshold of approval by 38 state legislatures.