Editing Chris Burden (section)

=== Later work ===
[[File:Metropolis II-Chris Burden-LACMA-720.webm|200px| thumb|upright=2|''[[Metropolis II (sculpture)|Metropolis II]]'' (2011) kinetic art project by Chris Burden. At LACMA filmed March 16, 2013.]]
Many of Chris Burden's later sculptures are intricate installations and structures consisting of many small parts.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ''A Tale of Two Cities'' (1981) was inspired by the artist's fascination with war toys, bullets, model buildings, antique soldiers, and a fantasy about the twenty-fifth century – a time when he imagines the world will have returned to a system of feudal states. The room-filling miniature reconstruction of two such city-states, poised for war, incorporates 5,000 war toys from the United States, Japan, and Europe – on a {{convert|1,100|sqfoot|sqm|adj=mid}}, {{convert|20|short ton|tonne|adj=mid}}<ref name="nytimes.com"/> sand base surrounded by a "jungle" made of houseplants.<ref>[http://www.ocma.net/index.html?page=past&show=exhibit&e_id=2114 Chris Burden: A Tale of Two Cities, February 3 – June 10, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008202102/http://www.ocma.net/index.html?page=past&show=exhibit&e_id=2114 |date=October 8, 2013 }} [[Orange County Museum of Art]], Newport Beach.</ref> The gallery-sized installation ''All the Submarines of the United States of America'' (1987) consists of 625 identical, small, handmade, painted-cardboard models that represent the entire [[Submarines in the United States Navy|United States submarine fleet]] dating from the late 1890s, when submarines entered the navy's arsenal, to the late 1980s.<ref>[http://dallasmuseumofart.org:9090/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/1071/28/title-asc?t:state:flow=ea8116dd-f845-4b68-a08e-0889cba5f838 Chris Burden, ''All the Submarines of the United States of America'' (1987)]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005040322/http://dallasmuseumofart.org:9090/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/1071/28/title-asc?t%3Astate%3Aflow=ea8116dd-f845-4b68-a08e-0889cba5f838 |date=October 5, 2013 }} [[Dallas Museum of Art]], Dallas.</ref> He suspended the cardboard models on monofilaments from the ceiling, placing them at various heights so that as a group they appear to be a school of fish swimming through the ocean of the gallery space.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> In 1992, he exhibited his ''Fist of Light'' during the [[Whitney Biennial]] exhibition in New York. It consisted of a sealed kitchen-sized metal box with hundreds of metal halide lamps burning inside. It required an industrial air conditioner to cool the room.

''Hell Gate'' (1998), is a {{convert|28|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} scale model, in Erector and Meccano pieces and wood, of the dramatic steel-and-concrete railroad bridge that crosses the [[Hell Gate]] segment of the East River, between Queens and Wards Island.<ref name="newyorker.com"/> In 1999, Burden's sculpture ''When Robots Rule: The Two Minute Airplane Factory'' was shown at the [[Tate Gallery]] in London. It was a "factory-like assembly line which manufactures rubber-band-powered model aeroplanes from tissue paper, plastic and balsa wood". Each plane had a propeller powered by a rubber band, and when each was completed, at a rate of one every 2 minutes,<ref name="Art Metropole Store">{{cite web |url=http://www.artmetropole.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=shop.FA_dsp_browse_details&InventoryUnitsID=4980f561-0b21-4c4f-84e1-027400b36f67&CategoryID=33c7e129-4f29-481b-a111-a4d511fdc844&sale= |title=Chris Burden, When Robots Rule: The Two-Minute Airplane Factory, exhibition catalogue |work=Store |publisher=Art Metropole |access-date=24 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916060306/http://www.artmetropole.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=shop.FA_dsp_browse_details&InventoryUnitsID=4980f561-0b21-4c4f-84e1-027400b36f67&CategoryID=33c7e129-4f29-481b-a111-a4d511fdc844&sale= |archive-date=16 September 2010 }}</ref> the machine launched it to fly up and circle around the gallery.<ref name="artmag.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.artmag.com/museums/a_greab/agblsta/agblsta4.html |title=Chris Burden |publisher=artmag.com |access-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> Unfortunately, the machine was non-functional for at least two months of the installation, leading ''World Sculpture News'' to question the intent of the piece and remark that "the work illustrated that robots, in fact, don't rule everything, and for the time being, are still subjected to individual and groups shortcomings".<ref>Preece, R.J. (1999). [http://www.artdesigncafe.com/chris-burden-tate-gallery-1999 "Chris Burden at the Tate Gallery"]. ''World Sculpture News'' / ''artdesigncafe''.</ref><ref>Jones, J. (15 November 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2011/nov/15/art-doesnt-need-normal-service-to-resume "Tacita Dean's artwork malfunction"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref>

First presented at the [[Istanbul Biennial]] in 2001, ''Nomadic Folly'' (2001) consists of a large wooden deck made of Turkish cypress and four huge umbrellas. Visitors can relax and linger in this tent-like structure, replete with opulent handmade carpets, braided ropes, hanging glass and metal lamps, and wedding fabrics embroidered with sparkling threads and traditional patterns.<ref name="gagosian.com">[http://www.gagosian.com/exhibitions/february-13-2010--chris-burden The Heart: Open or Closed, February 13 – March 27, 2010] [[Gagosian Gallery]], Rome.</ref>

In 2005, Burden released ''Ghost Ship'', his crewless, self-navigating yacht which docked at [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]] on 28 July after a {{convert|330|miles|km|adj=mid}} 5-day trip from [[Fair Isle]], near Shetland. The project was commissioned by the company Locus+ at a cost of £150,000, and was funded with a significant grant from [[Arts Council England]],<ref>[http://www.fairisle.org.uk/Latest/Ghost%20Ship%20press%20rel.pdf "Ghost Ship"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201404/http://www.fairisle.org.uk/Latest/Ghost%20Ship%20press%20rel.pdf |date=2011-07-17 }} at www.fairisle.org.uk</ref> being designed and constructed with the help of the Marine Engineering Department of the [[University of Southampton]].<ref>[http://www.soton.ac.uk/ses/news/2005/july/13July2005.shtml "Ghost Ship – a new commissioned work by Chris Burden"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921181820/http://www.soton.ac.uk/ses/news/2005/july/13July2005.shtml |date=September 21, 2007 }}, Locus+, University of Southampton news release, 13 July 2005</ref> It is said to be controlled via onboard computers and a GPS system; however, in case of emergency the ship is 'shadowed' by an accompanying support boat.

In 2008, Burden created ''[[Urban Light]]'', a sculptural work consisting of 202 found antique street lights that had once stood around Los Angeles. He bought the lights from the contractor who installed Urban Light, Anna Justice.<ref name="Chris Burden, Urban Light">{{cite web|title=Chris Burden, Urban Light|url=http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=161897;type=101|work=LACMA Collections|access-date=November 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124214406/http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=161897;type=101|archive-date=November 24, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The work is on view outside of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the solar-powered lights are illuminated at dusk.<ref name="Chris Burden, Urban Light" />

In the summer of 2011, Burden finished his kinetic sculpture, ''[[Metropolis II (sculpture)|Metropolis II]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Metropolis II|url=http://www.lacma.org/about/press/metropolis-ii-0|website=as displayed at LACMA|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182704/http://www.lacma.org/about/press/metropolis-ii-0|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Metropolis II|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1664409/how-chris-burden-created-metropolis-ii-a-tiny-city-where-1100-toy-cars-zoom|website=How Chris Burden Created Metropolis II, A Tiny City Where 1,100 Toy Cars Zoom|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> which took four years to build. It was installed at [[LACMA]] in Fall 2011.<ref name=lacma>{{cite web | url = https://lacma.wordpress.com/2010/11/22/chris-burdens-metropolis-ii-on-its-way-to-lacma/ | title = Chris Burden's Metropolis II on Its Way to LACMA | date = 22 November 2010 | publisher = Los Angeles County Museum of Art | access-date = 6 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llacDdn5yIE& | title = Metropolis II by Chris Burden (the movie) | publisher = youtube.com | access-date = 6 August 2011}}</ref> "Chris Burden's Metropolis II is an intense kinetic sculpture, modeled after a fast-paced, frenetic modern city."<ref>{{cite web|title=Metropolis II|url=http://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/metropolis-ii|website=- what it is|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>

Suspended from opposite ends of a telescoping [[balance beam]] of velvety rusted steel are a restored bright yellow 1974 [[Porsche]] sports car and a small meteorite. ''Porsche With Meteorite'' (2013) balances perfectly, with the heavier car much closer to the vertical support.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

''Light of Reason'' was commissioned by [[Brandeis University]] in 2014 and stands outside the [[Rose Art Museum]] on campus.<ref name="BrandeisNow">{{cite news |last1=Bencks |first1=Jarret |title=Chris Burden, 'One of the greatest American artists of his generation' |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2015/may/burden-bedford.html |access-date=11 August 2018 |publisher=Brandeis University |date=11 May 2015}}</ref> The sculpture consists of three rows of 24 [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] lamp posts which point away from the museum's entrance.<ref name="BrandeisNow" /> The sculpture serves as a gateway and outdoor event space, and has become a campus landmark.<ref name="LOR">{{cite web |title=Chris Burden, Light of Reason |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/rose/lightofreason/index.html |website=Rose Art Museum |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="BrandeisNow" />

Burden's last completed project – a working [[dirigible]] that flies in perfect circles called ''Ode to [[Alberto Santos-Dumont|Santos Dumont]]'' after the pioneering Brazilian aviator – was unveiled at a private [[Gagosian Gallery]] event outside of Los Angeles shortly before his death<ref>Jorin Finkel (May 11, 2015), [http://178.23.169.98/news/obituary/155657/ Remembering Chris Burden, the artist who traded daredevil performances for daring engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103435/http://178.23.169.98/news/obituary/155657/ |date=2015-05-18 }} ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref> and later installed as a tribute at [[LACMA]].<ref name="Inside Chris Burden's briefcase">Julia Halperin (May 13, 2015), [http://theartnewspaper.com/reports/155713/ Inside Chris Burden's briefcase]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref> Also, the [[New Museum]] decided to have ''Twin Quasi-Legal Skyscrapers'' (2013), two 36-foot-tall towers created for the museum's retrospective on Burden, remain on the institution's roof for several months in tribute.<ref name="Inside Chris Burden's briefcase"/> At the time of his death, Burden was also working on a watermill next to [[Frank Gehry]]'s not then yet completed aluminum tower at [[LUMA Arles]], which was finished in 2021.  Burden's work remained unfinished at the time of his passing as well.<ref>Jessica Gelt (May 13, 2015), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-frank-gehry-chris-burden-art-project-unfinished-arles-20150512-story.html Frank Gehry on Chris Burden: 'gift of the gods', plus art left unfinished] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref>