Editing Chukchi language (section)

== Orthography ==
[[File:Chukchi textbook cover.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The cover of a Grade 5 Chukchi language textbook from 1996, illustrating the then new [[El with hook|Cyrillic El with hook]] letter. The title is ''Ԯыгъоравэтԯьэн йиԯыйиԯ'' 'Chukchi language'.]]

Chukchi is one of few languages to have autonomously produced its own written script, and the northernmost language in the world to have done so. The script was invented by a man named [[Tenevil]], but never saw widespread use.<ref name="Harbsmeier">{{cite book |last=Harbsmeier |first=Michael |title=State and Society: The emergence and development of social hierarchy and political centralization |date=1995 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-203-99003-X |editor1-last=Gledhill |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=:jv:John Gledhill |pages=247–272 [256–257] |chapter=Inventions of writing |editor2-last=Bender |editor2-first=Barbara |editor2-link=Barbara Bender |editor3-last=Larsen |editor3-first=Mogens Trolle |editor3-link=:ru:Ларсен, Могенс Тролле}}</ref>

Until 1931, the Chukchi language had no official orthography, in spite of attempts in the 1800s to write religious texts in it.

At the beginning of the 1900s, [[Vladimir Bogoraz]] discovered specimens of pictographic/logographic writing by the Chukchi herdsman [[Tenevil]] (see [[:ru:File:Luoravetl.jpg]]). Tenevil's writing system was entirely his own invention.<ref name="Harbsmeier" /> It was nearly lost during the initial period of Soviet contact and subsequent Russian Arctic expeditions. The first official Chukchi alphabet was [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|devised by Bogoraz]] in 1931 and was based on the [[Latin script]]:

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ā ā
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ē ē
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ə ə
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ə̄ ə̄
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ī ī
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ŋ ŋ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ō ō
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W w
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
|
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|}

In 1937, this alphabet, along with all of the other alphabets of the non-Slavic peoples of the USSR, was [[Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union|replaced]] by a [[Cyrillic]] alphabet. At first it was the [[Russian alphabet]] with the addition of the digraphs ''Кʼ кʼ'' and ''Нʼ нʼ''. In the 1950s the additional letters were replaced by ''Ӄ ӄ'' and ''Ӈ ӈ''. These newer letters were mainly used in educational texts, while the press continued to use the older versions. At the end of the 1980s, the letter ''Ԯ ԯ'' (''Ԓ ԓ'') was introduced as a replacement for ''Л л''. This was intended to reduce confusion with the pronunciation of the Russian letter of the same form. The Chukchi alphabet now stands as follows:

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[A (Cyrillic)|А а]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё ё]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]]
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[I (Cyrillic)|И и]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Short I|Й й]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ka with hook|Ӄ ӄ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[El with hook|Ԓ ԓ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]]
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[En with hook|Н н]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[En with hook|Ӈ ӈ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[O (Cyrillic)|О о]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[U (Cyrillic)|У у]]
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Shcha|Щ щ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Hard sign|Ъ ъ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Yery|Ы ы]]
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Soft sign|Ь ь]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я я]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Apostrophe|ʼ]]
| 
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|}

=== Romanization of Chukchi ===
The romanization of Chukchi is the representation of the Chukchi language using Latin letters.

The following is the [[ISO 9]] system of Romanization:<ref name="ISO9">{{cite web |title=ISO 9:1995: Information and documentation — Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters — Slavic and non-Slavic languages |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=3589 |access-date=10 July 2019 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
! style="font-weight: bold;" | [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
! style="font-weight: bold;" | [[Latin script|Latin]]
![[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
![[Latin script|Latin]]
|-
| А а
| A a
|П п
|P p
|-
| Б б
| B b
|Р р
|R r
|-
| В в
| V v
|С с
|S s
|-
| Г г
| G g
|Т т
|T t
|-
| Д д
| D d
|У у
|U u
|-
| Е е
| E e
|Ф ф
|F f
|-
| Ё ё
| Ë ë
|Х х
|H h
|-
| Ж ж
| Ž ž
|Ц ц
|C c
|-
| З з
| Z z
|Ч ч
|Č č
|-
| И и
| I i
|Ш ш
|Š š
|-
| Й й
| J j
|Щ щ
|Ŝ ŝ
|-
| К к
| K k
|Ъ ъ
|ʺ
|-
| Ӄ ӄ
| Ḳ ḳ
|Ы ы
|Y y
|-
| Л л
| L l
|Ь ь
|ʹ
|-
| Ԓ ԓ
| Ḷ ḷ
|Э э
|È è
|-
| М м
| M m
|Ю ю
|Û û
|-
| Н н
| N n
|Я я
|Â â
|-
| Ӈ ӈ
| Ň ň
|ʼ
|ʼ
|-
| О о
| O o
|
|
|}