Editing Chuvash language (section)

==Dialects==
The linguistic landscape of the Chuvash language is quite homogeneous, and the differences between dialects are insignificant. Currently, the differences between dialects becoming more and more leveled out.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Современное состояние чувашских диалектов |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennoe-sostoyanie-chuvashskih-dialektov/viewer |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=cyberleninka.ru}}</ref>

Researchers distinguish three main dialects:

* '''Upper dialect''' (Viryal) - upstream of the Sura, preserves the /o/ sound in words like ''ot'' "horse"
* '''Middle dialect''' (mixed, transitional);
* '''Lower dialect''' (Anatri) - downstream of the Sura, changes the /o/ sound to /u/ in words like ''ut'' "horse"

The ''Malokarachinsky dialect'' is designated as occupying a separate position.

The literary language is based on both the Lower and Upper dialects. Both [[Tatar language|Tatar]] and the neighbouring [[Uralic languages]] such as [[Mari language|Mari]] have influenced the Chuvash language, as have [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], which have all added many words to the Chuvash lexicon.

All dialects established to date have their own sub-dialects, which have their own exceptional features and peculiarities, thereby they are divided into even smaller dialect forms. It turns out a dialect matryoshka where there are basic dialects, and these dialects are divided in turn into sub-dialects.

The following dialect ramifications in the Chuvash language have been identified:

<small>1) as part of the upper dialect, the subdialects are: a) Sundyrsky; b) Morgaussko-Yadrinsky; c) Krasnochetaysky; d) Cheboksary; e) Kalininsko-Alikovsky;</small>

<small>2) in the zone of the middle dialect: a) Malocivilsky; b) Urmarsky; c) civil-marposadsky;</small>

<small>3) in the zone of the grassroots dialect: a) Buin-Simbirsk; b) Nurlatsky (prichemshanye);</small>

'''Phonetic differences:'''

'''a)''' All words of the Upper dialect (except exc. Kalinin-Alikov subgroup) in the initial syllable, instead of the "lower" sound -U- is used -O- for example:

In English: ''yes, six, found''

in Turi: ''por, olttă, toprăm''

in Anatri: ''pur, ulttă, tuprăm''

'''b)''' In the upper dialect in the Sundyr sub-dialect, instead of the sound -ü- (used in all other dialects), the sound -ö- is used, which is a correlative soft pair of the posterior -o-, for example:

in English: ''hut, back, broth''

in Turi: ''pӧrt, tӧrt, šӧrpe''

in Anatri: ''pürt, türt, šürpe''

'''с)''' In the upper dialect (in most sub-dialects) the loss of the sound -j- before the sonorant -l-, -n-, -r- and stop -t- is characterized, which in turn entails palatalization of these consonants, for example:

in English: ''russian woman, choose''

in Turi: ''mar'a, sul'l'a''

in Anatri: ''majra, sujla''

'''d)''' In the higher dialect (for most sub-dialects), [[gemination]] of intervocalic consonants is characteristic, as in the Finnish language, for example:

in English: ''shawl, drunk, crooked''

in Turi: ''tottăr, ĕssĕr, kokkăr''

in Anatri: ''tutăr, üsĕr, kukăr''

In general, [[gemination]] itself is the norm for the Chuvash language, since many historically root words in both dialects contain gemination, for example: ''anne (mather), atte (father), piççe (brother), appa (sister), kukka (uncle), pĕrre (one), ikkĕ (two), vişşĕ (three), tăvattă (four), pillĕk (five), ulttă (six), şiççĕ (seven), sakkăr (eight), tăhhăr (nine), vunnă (ten),'' etc. Some linguists are inclined to assume that this is the influence of the [[Volga Finns]] at the turn of the 7th century when the ancestors of the Chuvash moved to the Volga, there are those who disagree with this statement. In one of the subgroups of the Trans-Kama Chuvash, in the same words there is no gemination at all, for example, the word father is pronounced as Adi, and mother as Ani, their counting looks like this: ''pĕr, ik, viş, tvat, pül, ulta, şiç, sagăr, tăgăr, vun'' - but many scientists assume that this is a consequence of the influence of the Tatar language. They also have many words in the Tatar style, the word “hare - kuşana” (tat.kuyan) is “mulkaç” for everyone, “pancakes - kuymak” for the rest is ikerçĕ, “cat - pĕşi” for the rest is “saş”, etc.

'''e)''' In the middle and upper dialects there are rounded vowels -ă°-, -ĕ°- (pronounced with the lips rounded and slightly pulled forward), in the lower dialect this is not observed, here they correspond to the standard sounds -ă-, -ĕ-.

'''f)''' In the upper and lower dialects, consonantism is distinguished by the pronunciation of the affricate sound -ç-. Among the upper Chuvash and speakers of the middle dialect, the sound -ç- is almost no different from the pronunciation of the Russian affricate; in the lower dialect it is heard almost like a soft -ç-, as in the Tatar language.

'''Morphological differences:'''

'''a)''' In the upper dialect there are synharmonic variants of the plural affix ''-sam/-sem,'' and in the lower dialect only ''-sem'', for example:

in English: ''horses, sheep, meadows, cows, flowers''

in Turi: ''lašasam, surăhsam, şaramsam, ĕnesem, çeçeksem''

in Anatri: ''lašasem, surăhsem, şeremsem, ĕnesem, çeçeksem''

'''b)''' In the upper dialect (in most sub-dialects) the affix of the possessive case is '''''-yăn (-yĕn)''''', the dative case is '''''-ya (-ye)''''', while in the lower dialect '''''-năn (-nĕn, -n), -na (-ne)''''', For example:

in Turi: ''lašayăn, ĕneyĕn, lašaya, ĕneya, ĕneye''

in Anatri: ''lašan(ăn), ĕnen(ĕn), lašana, ĕnene''

'''c)''' in the upper dialect, affixes of belonging, with the exception of the 3rd person affix '''''-i (-ĕ)''''', have almost fallen out of use or are used extremely rarely. In the latter case, the 2nd person affix '''''-u (-ü)''''' of the upper dialect usually corresponds to '''''-ă (-ĕ)''''' in the lower dialect;

in English: ''your head, your daughter''

in Turi: ''san puşu, san hĕrü''

in Anatri: ''san puşă, san hĕrĕ''

There is also a mixed type

'''d)'''  In the upper dialect, the [[gemination]] of the temporal index '''''-t-''''' and '''''-p-''''' is used in the affixes of the 2nd person plural of the verb of the present tense, for example:

in English: ''are you reading, we are going''

in Turi: ''esĕr vulattăr, epĕr pırappăr''

in Anatri: ''esir vulatăr, epir pırappăr''

The influence of Russian: ''we are going < epir pıratpăr''

There is also a mixed type, as already mentioned above.

'''e)''' In the upper dialect, the affix of the possibility of verbs '''''-ay (-ey)''''', due to contraction, [[Monophthongization|monophtongized]] to '''''-i''''':

in English: ''Couldn't tell, couldn't find out''

in Turi: ''kalimarăm, pĕlimarăm, pĕlimerĕm''

in Anatri: ''kalaymarăm, pĕleymerĕm''

'''f)''' In the upper dialect, the synharmonic variant of the interrogative particle '''''-i''''' is common, in the dialects of the lower dialect, variants '''''-a (-e)''''' are used:

in English: ''Have you left? Do you know?''

in Turi: ''esĕ kayrăn-i? esĕ pĕletĕn-i / es pĕletni?''

in Anatri: ''esĕ kayrăn-a? esĕ pĕletĕn-e? es pĕletnĕ?''

'''g)''' in the upper dialect, individual phrases turn into a complex word by shortening (contraction):

in English: apple tree, frying pan handle, earring, monkey, belt

in Turi: ''ulmuşşi (olmaşşi), şatmari, hălhanki, upăte, pişĕhe''

in Anatri: ''ulma yıvăşşi / yıvăşĕ'', ''şatma avri, hălha şakki (ear pendant), upa-etem (bear-man), pilĕk şihhi (lower back tie)''

'''Syntactic differences:'''

'''a)''' In the upper dialect (in most dialects), the adverbial participle '''''-sa (-se)''''' performs the function of a simple predicate, which is not allowed in the middle and lower dialects:

in English: ''I wrote''

in Turi: ''Ep şırsa''

in Anatri: ''Epĕ şırtăm''

'''b)''' In the upper dialect, analytical constructions are used instead of the lower synthetic one:

in English: ''Go to lunch, It says in the newspaper''

in Turi: ''Apat şima kilĕr, Kaşiť şinçe şırnă''

in Anatri: ''Apata kilĕr, Xaşatra şırnă''

There is also a mixed type.

'''Other lexical differences:'''

Another feature between the upper and lower dialects:

in English: ''We, you''

in Turi: ''Epĕr, Esĕr''

in Anatri: ''Epir, Esir''

There are also those grassroots Chuvash (living in [[Kama (river)|Kama]]) with a biting dialect who use the riding version of Epĕr, Esĕr. It has been established that the correct historical form is the pronunciation of ''Epĕr, Esĕr'', A comparison with the Tatar Turkic languages, which are close to the Chuvash language, determined historical justice.

Ep / Epĕ - I, Epĕ+r - We

Es / Esĕ - You, Esĕ+r - You

Affixes -ĕr/-ăr are converted from singular to plural:

Epĕ şitrĕm - Ep+ĕr şitrĕm+ĕr / I got there - We've reached it

Epĕ şırtăt - Ep+ĕr şırtăm+ăr / I wrote - we wrote

Ham vularăm - Ham+ăr vularăm+ăr / I read it - we read it

There is no "+ir" suffix in the Chuvash language so this is a big mistake. No one says "kiltĕm+ir", vularăm+ir", çitrĕm+ir". Don't say "Hamir turăm+ir". There is a dialect with pronunciation "Ep+ĕr+ĕn" - instead of "Pir+ĕn" (our), and "Es+ĕr+ĕn" - instead of "Sir+ĕn" (your) on this we can assume that their pronunciation was historical, because the structure is more correct, but because of what evolution it transformed into "pirĕn/sirĕn".

Ep+ĕr pĕr+le - We are one

Es+ĕr ik+sĕr - The two of you

There are also very different words.

'''The dispute over the literary language'''

The modern Chuvash literary language was formed on the basis of a grassroots dialect, before this period an old literary language based on an upper dialect was in use. There are linguists who believe that the mother tongue was still the riding dialect of the Chuvash, when now it is considered to be the primary grassroots dialect. Their arguments are based on certain factors: 

1) the migration of the Chuvash in the post-Horde period was from north to south, and not vice versa, the further they moved away from the root region towards the south and east, the more their language was subject to changes. Russian language was strongly influenced by the Kipchak languages (steppe raids), and after the settlement of Simbirsk by Russian people (at that time a very large city, much larger than Cheboksary), the dialect of the grassroots Chuvash in the area of Buinsk was strongly influenced by the Russian language, which is easily provable, all the most ancient records of the Chuvash language made by different travelers, such as G. F. Miller and others, contain words only of the upper-level dialect and not one of the lower-level. . 

2) The U-dialect of the grassroots Chuvash has undergone influence from the [[Kipchak languages#Language-specific|Northern Kipchak vowel raising]], whereas the O-dialect has preserved the [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] vowels. 

3) One of the rules says that the sound -T- standing at the end of a borrowed word in Chuvash falls out, for example: ''friend - dust - tus, cross - krest - hĕres...'' The auslaut [t] is not pronounced in oral speech, it disappears in the position after the consonant [s] (the latter in this case is replaced by a soft [ş]): ''vlast' ~ vlaş, vedomost' - vetămăş, volost' - vulăs, pakost' - pakăş, sançast' - sançaş, oblast' - oblaş.'' In addition, the affixal [t] is not pronounced orally and in certain verb forms established as a literary language: ''pulmast' < [pulmaş] ~ It doesn't happen,'' the correct historical form: "''pul<u>mas</u>".'' As well ''kurmast' < [kurmaş] ~ He doesn't see it,''  the correct historical form: "kur<u>mas</u>". As well ''kilmest' < [kilmeş] ~ It doesn't come,''  the correct historical form: "''kil<u>mes</u>"''. The historically correct affix is "-mas/-mes", instead of "-mast'/-mest' ", which appeared as a result of the influence of the Russian language. As is known, the form with the ending ''-st''' and ''-st'' is not peculiar to the Chuvash language by its nature, which means it is a late influence of the Russian language on the dialect of the lower Chuvash. Affixes: -mes/-mas, -mep/-map, -men/-man. 

4) In most dialects, {{IPAslink|t}} palatalizes only when it is preceded by the front vowels: ''kileť, pereť, ükeť, kĕteť.'' If {{IPAslink|t}} is preceded by the back vowels, it doesn't palatalize: ''yurat, kalat, urat, păhat, kayat''. In the grassroots dialect, all the end T's soften. 

5) A simple shortened address in the literary language has become unacceptable, only respectful treatment has been left with the correct pronunciation: Instead of "Es yuratan" - "Esĕ yuratatăn" - "do you love". "Ep pırap" - "Epĕ pıratăp" - "I'm coming". 

6) Instead of the supreme dialect "Kaya''pp''ăr - we go away, Uta''pp''ăr - we come, Vula''pp''ăr - we read", it is customary to write and speak in a grassroots dialect subject to Russification: " Kaya''tp''ăr, Uta''tp''ăr, Vula''tp''ăr". 

'''*'''There is also a mixed type, where all variants of the case are used at once, this is especially noticeable in those settlements that arose at the turn of the 17th-20th centuries, such villages created by combining speakers of upper and lower dialects gave birth to a more universal dialect where both options were used .